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This paper analyzes Large Language Models (LLMs) with regard to their programming exercise generation capabilities. Through a survey study, we defined the state of the art, extracted their strengths and weaknesses and finally proposed an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Eduard Frankford , Ingo Höhn , Clemens Sauerwein , Ruth Breu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to generate synthetic textual data for training smaller specialized models. However, a comparison of various generation strategies for low-resource language settings is lacking. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Tatiana Anikina , Jan Cegin , Jakub Simko , Simon Ostermann

In some areas of computing, natural language processing and information science, progress is made by sharing datasets and challenging the community to design the best algorithm for an associated task. This article introduces a shared…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mike Thelwall

While large pretrained language models (PLMs) demonstrate incredible fluency and performance on many natural language tasks, recent work has shown that well-performing PLMs are very sensitive to what prompts are feed into them. Even when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-13 Harsh Raj , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

$ $Large Language Models (LLMs) are being increasingly utilized in various applications, with code generations being a notable example. While previous research has shown that LLMs have the capability to generate both secure and insecure…

Recent studies have raised concerns about the potential threats large language models (LLMs) pose to academic integrity and copyright protection. Yet, their investigation is predominantly focused on literal copies of original texts. Also,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Jooyoung Lee , Toshini Agrawal , Adaku Uchendu , Thai Le , Jinghui Chen , Dongwon Lee

IMPORTANCE The response effectiveness of different large language models (LLMs) and various individuals, including medical students, graduate students, and practicing physicians, in pediatric ophthalmology consultations, has not been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Jason Holmes , Rui Peng , Yiwei Li , Jinyu Hu , Zhengliang Liu , Zihao Wu , Huan Zhao , Xi Jiang , Wei Liu , Hong Wei , Jie Zou , Tianming Liu , Yi Shao

Large language models (LLMs) have increased the demand for personalized and stylish content generation. However, closed-source models like GPT-4 present limitations in optimization opportunities, while the substantial training costs and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Chenning Xu , Fangxun Shu , Dian Jin , Jinghao Wei , Hao Jiang

This research explores the application of large language models (LLMs) to generate synthetic datasets for Product Desirability Toolkit (PDT) testing, a key component in evaluating user sentiment and product experience. Utilizing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 John D. Hastings , Sherri Weitl-Harms , Joseph Doty , Zachary J. Myers , Warren Thompson

Modern Large Language Model (LLM)-based programming agents often rely on test execution feedback to refine their generated code. These tests are synthetically generated by LLMs. However, LLMs may produce invalid or hallucinated test cases,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Hamed Taherkhani , Jiho Shin , Muhammad Ammar Tahir , Md Rakib Hossain Misu , Vineet Sunil Gattani , Hadi Hemmati

Current large language models (LLMs) can exhibit near-human levels of performance on many natural language-based tasks, including open-domain question answering. Unfortunately, at this time, they also convincingly hallucinate incorrect…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Siqing Huo , Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke

The in-context learning ability of large language models (LLMs) enables them to generalize to novel downstream tasks with relatively few labeled examples. However, they require enormous computational resources to be deployed. Alternatively,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Jean Kaddour , Qi Liu

Most large language models (LLMs) are sensitive to prompts, and another synonymous expression or a typo may lead to unexpected results for the model. Composing an optimal prompt for a specific demand lacks theoretical support and relies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Zhenyu Zhang , Bingguang Hao , Jinpeng Li , Zekai Zhang , Dongyan Zhao

Unit testing is essential for software reliability, yet manual test creation is time-consuming and often neglected. Search-based software testing improves efficiency but produces tests with poor readability and maintainability, while LLMs…

Natural language generation tools are powerful and effective for generating content. However, language models are known to display bias and fairness issues, making them impractical to deploy for many use cases. We here focus on how fairness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Kevin Stowe , Benny Longwill , Alyssa Francis , Tatsuya Aoyama , Debanjan Ghosh , Swapna Somasundaran

Consumer research costs companies billions annually yet suffers from panel biases and limited scale. Large language models (LLMs) offer an alternative by simulating synthetic consumers, but produce unrealistic response distributions when…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Benjamin F. Maier , Ulf Aslak , Luca Fiaschi , Nina Rismal , Kemble Fletcher , Christian C. Luhmann , Robbie Dow , Kli Pappas , Thomas V. Wiecki

Tutoring improves student achievement, but identifying and studying what tutoring actions are most associated with student learning at scale based on audio transcriptions is an open research problem. This present study investigates the…

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly adept at managing complex tasks, the evaluation set must keep pace with these advancements to ensure it remains sufficiently discriminative. Item Discrimination (ID) theory, which is widely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Fan Lin , Shuyi Xie , Yong Dai , Wenlin Yao , Tianjiao Lang , Zishan Xu , Zhichao Hu , Xiao Xiao , Yuhong Liu , Yu Zhang

Large language model (LLM)-powered assistants are increasingly used for generating program code and unit tests, but their application in acceptance testing remains underexplored. To help address this gap, this paper explores the use of LLMs…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Margarida Ferreira , Luis Viegas , Joao Pascoal Faria , Bruno Lima

Synthetic data has the potential to improve the performance, training efficiency, and privacy of real training examples. Nevertheless, existing approaches for synthetic text generation are mostly heuristics and cannot generate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Dang Nguyen , Zeman Li , Mohammadhossein Bateni , Vahab Mirrokni , Meisam Razaviyayn , Baharan Mirzasoleiman
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