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The transistor celebrated its 75${}^\text{th}$ birthday in 2022. The continued scaling of the transistor defined by Moore's Law continues, albeit at a slower pace. Meanwhile, computing demands and energy consumption required by modern…

We introduce the concept of a probabilistic or p-bit, intermediate between the standard bits of digital electronics and the emerging q-bits of quantum computing. We show that low barrier magnets or LBM's provide a natural physical…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-07-16 Kerem Y. Camsari , Brian M. Sutton , Supriyo Datta

Extending Moore's law by augmenting complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors with emerging nanotechnologies (X) has become increasingly important. One important class of problems involve sampling-based Monte Carlo…

The nearing end of Moore's Law has been driving the development of domain-specific hardware tailored to solve a special set of problems. Along these lines, probabilistic computing with inherently stochastic building blocks (p-bits) have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Navid Anjum Aadit , Andrea Grimaldi , Giovanni Finocchio , Kerem Y. Camsari

Probabilistic computers offer promising solutions for computationally hard problems in domains such as combinatorial optimization and machine learning. A key building block in these systems is the probabilistic bit (p-bit), which relies on…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Ju-Young Yoon , Nuno Cacoilo , Advait Madhavan , Jabez J. McClelland , Shun Kanai , Hideo Ohno , Shunsuke Fukami , William A. Borders

Probabilistic computing is a novel computing scheme that offers a more efficient approach than conventional CMOS-based logic in a variety of applications ranging from optimization to Bayesian inference, and invertible Boolean logic. The…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 John Daniel , Zheng Sun , Xuejian Zhang , Yuanqiu Tan , Neil Dilley , Zhihong Chen , Joerg Appenzeller

Ongoing semiconductor scaling challenges and the rise of neuromorphic computing have sparked interest in exploring novel computing schemes to achieve higher power efficiency and computational capabilities. Probabilistic computing is one…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xuejian Zhang , John Arnesh Divakaruni Daniel , Neil Dilley , Zhihong Chen , Joerg Appenzeller

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) are promising sources of randomness for compact and energy efficient implementations of probabilistic computing techniques. Augmenting an SMTJ with electronic circuits, to convert the random…

Probabilistic (p-) computing, which leverages the stochasticity of its building blocks (p-bits) to solve a variety of computationally hard problems, has recently emerged as a promising physics-inspired hardware accelerator platform. A…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-05-02 Sagnik Banerjee , Shiva T. Konakanchi , Supriyo Datta , Pramey Upadhyaya

Digital computers store information in the form of bits that can take on one of two values 0 and 1, while quantum computers are based on qubits that are described by a complex wavefunction, whose squared magnitude gives the probability of…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Jan Kaiser , Supriyo Datta

Computation in the past decades has been driven by deterministic computers based on classical deterministic bits. Recently, alternative computing paradigms and domain-based computing like quantum computing and probabilistic computing have…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Jan Kaiser , Risi Jaiswal , Behtash Behin-Aein , Supriyo Datta

Probabilistic graphical models are powerful mathematical formalisms for machine learning and reasoning under uncertainty that are widely used for cognitive computing. However they cannot be employed efficiently for large problems (with…

Probabilistic Ising machines (PIMs) provide a path to solving many computationally hard problems more efficiently than deterministic algorithms on von Neumann computers. Stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions (S-MTJs), which are engineered to…

Stochastic p-Bit devices play a pivotal role in solving NP-hard problems, neural network computing, and hardware accelerators for algorithms such as the simulated annealing. In this work, we focus on Stochastic p-Bits based on high-barrier…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-06-06 X. H. Li , M. K. Zhao , R. Zhang , C. H. Wan , Y. Z. Wang , X. M. Luo , S. Q. Liu , J. H. Xia , G. Q. Yu , X. F. Han

Probabilistic computing using probabilistic bits (p-bits) presents an efficient alternative to traditional CMOS logic for complex problem-solving, including simulated annealing and machine learning. Realizing p-bits with emerging devices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Naoya Onizawa , Takahiro Hanyu

Recent demonstrations on specialized benchmarks have reignited excitement for quantum computers, yet whether they can deliver an advantage for practical real-world problems remains an open question. Here, we show that probabilistic…

Probabilistic (p-) bits implemented with low energy barrier nanomagnets (LBMs) have recently gained attention because they can be leveraged to perform some computational tasks very efficiently. Although more error-resilient than Boolean…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2020-03-10 Justine L. Drobitch , Supriyo Bandyopadhyay

Stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions (s-MTJs) are core components for spintronics-based probabilistic computing (p-computing), a promising candidate for energy-efficient unconventional computing. To achieve reliable performance under…

Neuromorphic computing approaches become increasingly important as we address future needs for efficiently processing massive amounts of data. The unique attributes of quantum materials can help address these needs by enabling new…

The growing field of quantum computing is based on the concept of a q-bit which is a delicate superposition of 0 and 1, requiring cryogenic temperatures for its physical realization along with challenging coherent coupling techniques for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-23 Kerem Y. Camsari , Shuvro Chowdhury , Supriyo Datta
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