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According to the statistical interpretation of quantum theory, quantum computers form a distinguished class of probabilistic machines (PMs) by encoding n qubits in 2n pbits (random binary variables). This raises the possibility of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. Gralewicz

Deep Spiking Neural Networks are becoming increasingly powerful tools for cognitive computing platforms. However, most of the existing literature on such computing models are developed with limited insights on the underlying hardware…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Abhronil Sengupta , Maryam Parsa , Bing Han , Kaushik Roy

Probabilistic computers replace logic gates with networks of interacting random variables, creating bidirectional systems that can back-derive inputs from outputs. Such architectures enable efficient generation of random samples,…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 Shreyes Nallan , Jian-Gang Zhu

Probabilistic computing has been introduced to operate functional networks using a probabilistic bit (p-bit), generating 0 or 1 probabilistically from its electrical input. In contrast to quantum computers, probabilistic computing enables…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-10-27 Hyundo Jung , Hyunjin Kim , Woojin Lee , Jinwoo Jeon , Yohan Choi , Taehyeong Park , Chulwoo Kim

Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) and probabilistic bit (p-bit)-based computing platforms have emerged as promising paradigms for tackling complex combinatorial optimization problems. Although traditionally viewed as distinct approaches,…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-01-26 E. M. Hasantha Ekanayake , Nikhat Khan , Nikhil Shukla

As artificial intelligence (AI) advances into diverse applications, ensuring reliability of AI models is increasingly critical. Conventional neural networks offer strong predictive capabilities but produce deterministic outputs without…

We present a general hardware framework for building networks that directly implement Reservoir Computing, a popular software method for implementing and training Recurrent Neural Networks and are particularly suited for temporal…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2017-10-02 Samiran Ganguly , Kerem Y. Camsari , Avik W. Ghosh

Over the decades, the spin dynamics of a large set of lanthanide complexes have been explored. Lanthanide-based molecular nanomagnets are bistable spin systems, generally conceptualized as classical bits, but many lanthanide complexes have…

Probabilistic bits (p-bits) have recently been employed in neural networks (NNs) as stochastic neurons with sigmoidal probabilistic activation functions. Nonetheless, there remain a wealth of other probabilistic activation functions that…

Superparamagnetic tunnel junctions (SMTJs) have emerged as a competitive, realistic nanotechnology to support novel forms of stochastic computation in CMOS-compatible platforms. One of their applications is to generate random bitstreams…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-03-09 Matthew W. Daniels , Advait Madhavan , Philippe Talatchian , Alice Mizrahi , Mark D. Stiles

Conventional logic and memory devices are built out of deterministic units such as transistors, or magnets with energy barriers in excess of 40-60 kT. We show that stochastic units, p-bits, can be interconnected to create robust…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2017-07-26 Kerem Yunus Camsari , Rafatul Faria , Brian M. Sutton , Supriyo Datta

Probabilistic computing has emerged as a viable approach to treat optimization problems. To achieve superior computing performance, the key aspect during computation is massive sampling and tuning on the probability states of each…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Yadi Wang , Bin Chen , Wenping Gao , Biying Ye , Chang Niu , Wenbin Wang , Yinyan Zhu , Weichao Yu , Hangwen Guo , Jian Shen

Brain-inspired computing - leveraging neuroscientific principles underpinning the unparalleled efficiency of the brain in solving cognitive tasks - is emerging to be a promising pathway to solve several algorithmic and computational…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Kezhou Yang , Dhuruva Priyan G M , Abhronil Sengupta

Machine Learning algorithms are extensively used in an increasing number of systems, applications, technologies, and products, both in industry and in society as a whole. They enable computing devices to learn from previous experience and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Lucas Lamata

Stochastic magnetic tunnel junctions (s-MTJ) is a promising component of probabilistic bit (p-bit), which plays a pivotal role in probabilistic computers. For a standard cell structure of the p-bit, s-MTJ is desired to be insensitive to…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2024-07-12 Rikuto Ota , Keito Kobayashi , Keisuke Hayakawa , Shun Kanai , Kerem Y. Çamsarı , Hideo Ohno , Shunsuke Fukami

The ever-increasing amount of data from ubiquitous smart devices fosters data-centric and cognitive algorithms. Traditional digital computer systems have separate logic and memory units, resulting in a huge delay and energy cost for…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-03-17 Qiming Shao , Zhongrui Wang , Yan Zhou , Shunsuke Fukami , Damien Querlioz , Leon O. Chua

Stochastic computing, a form of computation with probabilities, presents an alternative to conventional arithmetic units. Magnetic Tunnel Junctions (MTJs), which exhibit probabilistic switching, have been explored as Stochastic Number…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-04-11 Ankit Mondal , Ankur Srivastava

Quantum machine learning aims to release the prowess of quantum computing to improve machine learning methods. By combining quantum computing methods with classical neural network techniques we aim to foster an increase of performance in…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-03-17 Andrew Blance , Michael Spannowsky

Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction (pMTJ)-based true-random number generators (RNG) can consume orders of magnitude less energy per bit than CMOS pseudo-RNG. Here, we numerically investigate with a macrospin Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert…

The recently proposed probabilistic spin logic presents promising solutions to novel computing applications. Multiple cases of implementations, including invertible logic gate, have been studied numerically by simulations. Here we report an…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2019-12-06 Yang Lv , Robert P. Bloom , Jian-Ping Wang