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Deep neural networks are often seen as different from other model classes by defying conventional notions of generalization. Popular examples of anomalous generalization behaviour include benign overfitting, double descent, and the success…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Andrew Gordon Wilson

Deep learning has introduced significant improvements in many software analysis tasks. Although the Large Language Models (LLMs) based neural code models demonstrate commendable performance when trained and tested within the intra-project…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Zhiming Li , Yanzhou Li , Tianlin Li , Mengnan Du , Bozhi Wu , Yushi Cao , Junzhe Jiang , Yang Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection and OOD generalization are widely studied in Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), yet their relationship remains poorly understood. We empirically show that the degree of Neural Collapse (NC) in a network layer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Md Yousuf Harun , Jhair Gallardo , Christopher Kanan

Techniques for understanding the functioning of complex machine learning models are becoming increasingly popular, not only to improve the validation process, but also to extract new insights about the data via exploratory analysis. Though…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-02 Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan , Irene Kim , Rushil Anirudh , Peer-Timo Bremer

A deep neural network model is a powerful framework for learning representations. Usually, it is used to learn the relation $x \to y$ by exploiting the regularities in the input $x$. In structured output prediction problems, $y$ is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-10-31 Soufiane Belharbi , Romain Hérault , Clément Chatelain , Sébastien Adam

Deep neural networks are renowned for their ability to generalise well across diverse tasks, even when heavily overparameterized. Existing works offer only partial explanations (for example, the NTK-based task-model alignment explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Chris Mingard , Lukas Seier , Niclas Göring , Andrei-Vlad Badelita , Charles London , Ard Louis

Humans rely less on spurious correlations and trivial cues, such as texture, compared to deep neural networks which lead to better generalization and robustness. It can be attributed to the prior knowledge or the high-level cognitive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Shruthi Gowda , Bahram Zonooz , Elahe Arani

Existing generalization measures that aim to capture a model's simplicity based on parameter counts or norms fail to explain generalization in overparameterized deep neural networks. In this paper, we introduce a new, theoretically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-11 Lorenz Kuhn , Clare Lyle , Aidan N. Gomez , Jonas Rothfuss , Yarin Gal

Existing Natural Language Understanding (NLU) models have been shown to incorporate dataset biases leading to strong performance on in-distribution (ID) test sets but poor performance on out-of-distribution (OOD) ones. We introduce a simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Abbas Ghaddar , Philippe Langlais , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Ahmad Rashid

Traditional machine learning excels on static benchmarks, but the real world is dynamic and seldom as carefully curated as test sets. Practical applications may generally encounter undesired inputs, are required to deal with novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Roshni . R. Kamath , Rupert Mitchell , Subarnaduti Paul , Kristian Kersting , Martin Mundt

Neural Ordinary Differential Equations (NODEs) have proven successful in learning dynamical systems in terms of accurately recovering the observed trajectories. While different types of sparsity have been proposed to improve robustness, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Hananeh Aliee , Till Richter , Mikhail Solonin , Ignacio Ibarra , Fabian Theis , Niki Kilbertus

Deep learning has been demonstrated with tremendous success in recent years. Despite so, its performance in practice often degenerates drastically when encountering out-of-distribution (OoD) data, i.e. training and test data are sampled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Haoyue Bai

Despite the vast success of Deep Neural Networks in numerous application domains, it has been shown that such models are not robust i.e., they are vulnerable to small adversarial perturbations of the input. While extensive work has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-24 Sharon Qian , Dimitris Kalimeris , Gal Kaplun , Yaron Singer

Proper regularization is critical for speeding up training, improving generalization performance, and learning compact models that are cost efficient. We propose and analyze regularized gradient descent algorithms for learning shallow…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Samet Oymak

Despite the capacity of neural nets to learn arbitrary functions, models trained through gradient descent often exhibit a bias towards ``simpler'' functions. Various notions of simplicity have been introduced to characterize this behavior.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-13 Ali Gorji , Andisheh Amrollahi , Andreas Krause

Due to the nonlinear nature of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), one can not guarantee convergence to a unique global minimum of the loss when using optimizers relying only on local information, such as SGD. Indeed, this was a primary source of…

Despite extensive studies, the underlying reason as to why overparameterized neural networks can generalize remains elusive. Existing theory shows that common stochastic optimizers prefer flatter minimizers of the training loss, and thus a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Kaiyue Wen , Zhiyuan Li , Tengyu Ma

Several works have aimed to explain why overparameterized neural networks generalize well when trained by Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). The consensus explanation that has emerged credits the randomized nature of SGD for the bias of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Shengchao Liu , Dimitris Papailiopoulos , Dimitris Achlioptas

The ability to generalize out-of-domain (OOD) is an important goal for deep neural network development, and researchers have proposed many high-performing OOD generalization methods from various foundations. While many OOD algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-29 Zining Zhu , Soroosh Shahtalebi , Frank Rudzicz

We examine the role of memorization in deep learning, drawing connections to capacity, generalization, and adversarial robustness. While deep networks are capable of memorizing noise data, our results suggest that they tend to prioritize…