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This paper introduces a simple and scalable approach to improve the data efficiency of large language model (LLM) training by augmenting existing text data with thinking trajectories. The compute for pre-training LLMs has been growing at an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Liang Wang , Nan Yang , Shaohan Huang , Li Dong , Furu Wei

Large Language Model (LLM)-generated data is increasingly used in software analytics, but it is unclear how this data compares to human-written data, particularly when models are exposed to adversarial scenarios. Adversarial attacks can…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Md. Abdul Awal , Mrigank Rochan , Chanchal K. Roy

The quality of Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) data plays a critical role in enhancing the conversational capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, as LLMs become more advanced, the availability of high-quality human-annotated SFT…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Maosong Cao , Taolin Zhang , Mo Li , Chuyu Zhang , Yunxin Liu , Haodong Duan , Songyang Zhang , Kai Chen

The surprising ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to perform well on complex reasoning with only few-shot chain-of-thought prompts is believed to emerge only in very large-scale models (100+ billion parameters). We show that such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-31 Yao Fu , Hao Peng , Litu Ou , Ashish Sabharwal , Tushar Khot

Foundational models with billions of parameters which have been trained on large corpora of data have demonstrated non-trivial skills in a variety of domains. However, due to their monolithic structure, it is challenging and expensive to…

In this work, we present a simple yet theoretically motivated improvement to Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) for the Large Language Model (LLM), addressing its limited generalization compared to reinforcement learning (RL). Through…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Yongliang Wu , Yizhou Zhou , Zhou Ziheng , Yingzhe Peng , Xinyu Ye , Xinting Hu , Wenbo Zhu , Lu Qi , Ming-Hsuan Yang , Xu Yang

Large vision-language models (VLMs) increasingly adopt post-training techniques such as long chain-of-thought (CoT) supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL) to elicit sophisticated reasoning. While these methods exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Jierun Chen , Tiezheng Yu , Haoli Bai , Lewei Yao , Jiannan Wu , Kaican Li , Fei Mi , Chaofan Tao , Lei Zhu , Manyi Zhang , Xiaohui Li , Lu Hou , Lifeng Shang , Qun Liu

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) on domain-specific datasets is a common approach to adapt Large Language Models (LLMs) to specialized tasks but is often believed to degrade their general capabilities. In this work, we revisit this trade-off…

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on instruction-following corpus is a crucial approach toward the alignment of large language models (LLMs). However, the performance of LLMs on standard knowledge and reasoning benchmarks tends to suffer from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Tingchen Fu , Deng Cai , Lemao Liu , Shuming Shi , Rui Yan

Training data plays a crucial role in Large Language Models (LLM) scaling, yet high quality data is of limited supply. Synthetic data techniques offer a potential path toward sidestepping these limitations. We conduct a large-scale…

Existing research on large language models (LLMs) for automated code compliance has primarily focused on performance, treating the models as black boxes and overlooking how training decisions affect their interpretive behavior. This paper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Jack Wei Lun Shi , Minghao Dang , Wawan Solihin , Justin K. W. Yeoh

Enhancing the complex reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) attracts widespread attention. While reinforcement learning (RL) has shown superior performance for improving complex reasoning, its impact on cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Shulin Huang , Yiran Ding , Junshu Pan , Yue Zhang

Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) is essential for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with user intent, yet it is believed to suppress generative diversity. Although this reduction is frequently referenced, formal empirical testing of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Roman Klypa , Oleksandr Cherednichenko

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) is a common first stage of LLM post-training, teaching the model to follow instructions and shaping its behavior as a helpful assistant. At the same time, SFT may harm the fundamental capabilities of an LLM,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Mark Rofin , Aditya Varre , Nicolas Flammarion

The development of highly fluent large language models (LLMs) has prompted increased interest in assessing their reasoning and problem-solving capabilities. We investigate whether several LLMs can solve a classic type of deductive reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Spencer M. Seals , Valerie L. Shalin

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the capabilities of artificial intelligence across various domains. However, their massive scale and high computational costs render them unsuitable for direct…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Miao Rang , Zhenni Bi , Hang Zhou , Hanting Chen , An Xiao , Tianyu Guo , Kai Han , Xinghao Chen , Yunhe Wang

The efficacy of large language models (LLMs) is heavily dependent on the quality of the underlying data, particularly within specialized domains. A common challenge when fine-tuning LLMs for domain-specific applications is the potential…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Jianwei Sun , Chaoyang Mei , Linlin Wei , Kaiyu Zheng , Na Liu , Ming Cui , Tianyi Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve impressive performance in a wide range of tasks, even if they are often trained with the only objective of chatting fluently with users. Among other skills, LLMs show emergent abilities in mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Flavio Petruzzellis , Alberto Testolin , Alessandro Sperduti

Large language models (LLMs) often exhibit unexpected errors or unintended behavior, even at scale. While recent work reveals the discrepancy between LLMs and humans in skill compositions, the learning dynamics of skill compositions and the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Xingyu Zhao , Darsh Sharma , Rheeya Uppaal , Yiqiao Zhong

Large language models (LLMs) hold promise for generating plans for complex tasks, but their effectiveness is limited by sequential execution, lack of control flow models, and difficulties in skill retrieval. Addressing these issues is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Andrei Cosmin Redis , Mohammadreza Fani Sani , Bahram Zarrin , Andrea Burattin
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