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The recent advancements introduced by Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed how Artificial Intelligence (AI) can support complex, real world tasks, pushing research outside the text boundaries towards multi modal contexts and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Federico Toschi , Nicolò Brunello , Andrea Sassella , Vincenzo Scotti , Mark James Carman

Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding is a fundamental task for building GUI agents. However, general vision-language models (VLMs) struggle with this task due to a lack of specific optimization. We identify a key gap in this paper:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Weiming Li , Yan Shao , Jing Yang , Yujing Lu , Ling Zhong , Yuhan Wang , Manni Duan

To perform tasks specified by natural language instructions, autonomous agents need to extract semantically meaningful representations of language and map it to visual elements and actions in the environment. This problem is called…

Remote sensing image captioning has advanced rapidly through encoder--decoder models, although the reliance on large annotated datasets and the focus on English restricts global applicability. To address these limitations, we propose the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Carlos Rebelo , Gil Rocha , João Daniel Silva , Bruno Martins

The emergence of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has driven significant advances in Graphical User Interface (GUI) agent capabilities. Nevertheless, existing GUI agent training and inference techniques still suffer from a dilemma…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Shuquan Lian , Yuhang Wu , Jia Ma , Yifan Ding , Zihan Song , Bingqi Chen , Xiawu Zheng , Hui Li , Rongrong Ji

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a range of text-generation tasks. However, LLMs still struggle with problems requiring multi-step decision-making and environmental feedback, such as online…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Zhenfang Chen , Delin Chen , Rui Sun , Wenjun Liu , Chuang Gan

Instruction-tuned large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance on a variety of tasks; however, generalizing from synthetic to human-authored instructions in grounded environments remains a challenge for them. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Chalamalasetti Kranti , Sherzod Hakimov , David Schlangen

Graphical user interface (GUI) grounding is a key capability for computer-use agents, mapping natural-language instructions to actionable regions on the screen. Existing Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) approaches typically formulate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Shijie Zhou , Viet Dac Lai , Hao Tan , Jihyung Kil , Wanrong Zhu , Changyou Chen , Ruiyi Zhang

Video procedure planning, i.e., planning a sequence of action steps given the video frames of start and goal states, is an essential ability for embodied AI. Recent works utilize Large Language Models (LLMs) to generate enriched action step…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Dejie Yang , Zijing Zhao , Yang Liu

One of the current trends in robotics is to employ large language models (LLMs) to provide non-predefined command execution and natural human-robot interaction. It is useful to have an environment map together with its language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Evgenii Kruzhkov , Sven Behnke

Reinforcement learning systems rely on environment interfaces that specify observations and reward functions, yet constructing these interfaces for new tasks often requires substantial manual effort. While recent work has automated reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Akshat Singh Jaswal , Ashish Baghel , Paras Chopra

Recent advances in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have enabled autonomous agents to interact with computers via Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), where accurately localizing the coordinates of interface elements (e.g., buttons) is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Hyunseok Lee , Jeonghoon Kim , Beomjun Kim , Jihoon Tack , Chansong Jo , Jaehong Lee , Cheonbok Park , Sookyo In , Jinwoo Shin , Kang Min Yoo

GUI agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive capability in understanding and executing user instructions. However, accurately grounding instruction-relevant elements from high-resolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yichao Liu , Huawen Shen , Liu Yu , Shiyu Liu , Zeyu Chen , Yu Zhou

Prior studies on 3D scene understanding have primarily developed specialized models for specific tasks or required task-specific fine-tuning. In this study, we propose Grounded 3D-LLM, which explores the potential of 3D large multi-modal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Yilun Chen , Shuai Yang , Haifeng Huang , Tai Wang , Runsen Xu , Ruiyuan Lyu , Dahua Lin , Jiangmiao Pang

Learning generalist embodied agents, able to solve multitudes of tasks in different domains is a long-standing problem. Reinforcement learning (RL) is hard to scale up as it requires a complex reward design for each task. In contrast,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Pietro Mazzaglia , Tim Verbelen , Bart Dhoedt , Aaron Courville , Sai Rajeswar

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have markedly expanded the competence of graphical user-interface (GUI) systems, propelling them beyond controlled simulations into complex, real-world environments across diverse platforms. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Bin Lei , Nuo Xu , Ali Payani , Mingyi Hong , Chunhua Liao , Yu Cao , Caiwen Ding

Multimodal Vision-Language Models (VLMs) enable powerful applications from their fused understanding of images and language, but many perform poorly on UI tasks due to the lack of UI training data. In this paper, we adapt a recipe for…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yue Jiang , Eldon Schoop , Amanda Swearngin , Jeffrey Nichols

Since the advent of GPT, large language models (LLMs) have brought about revolutionary advancements in all walks of life. As a superior natural language processing (NLP) technology, LLMs have consistently achieved state-of-the-art…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Danshi Wang , Yidi Wang , Xiaotian Jiang , Yao Zhang , Yue Pang , Min Zhang

Foundation models have made significant strides in various applications, including text-to-image generation, panoptic segmentation, and natural language processing. This paper presents Instruct2Act, a framework that utilizes Large Language…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Siyuan Huang , Zhengkai Jiang , Hao Dong , Yu Qiao , Peng Gao , Hongsheng Li

Models designed for intelligent process automation are required to be capable of grounding user interface elements. This task of interface element grounding is centred on linking instructions in natural language to their target referents.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Julia Rozanova , Deborah Ferreira , Krishna Dubba , Weiwei Cheng , Dell Zhang , Andre Freitas