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Two-player mean-payoff Stackelberg games are nonzero-sum infinite duration games played on a bi-weighted graph by Leader (Player 0) and Follower (Player 1). Such games are played sequentially: first, Leader announces her strategy, second,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-08-04 Mrudula Balachander , Shibashis Guha , Jean-François Raskin

In this paper, we consider a discrete-time stochastic Stackelberg game with a single leader and multiple followers. Both the followers and the leader together have conditionally independent private types, conditioned on action and previous…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-21 Deepanshu Vasal

This paper investigates strategic interactions within a three party deception security game involving a defender, an insider, and external attackers. We propose a robust deception mechanism where the leader manipulates game parameters…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Xiaoyu Xin , Gehui Xu , Yiguang Hong

Repeated game theory has been one of the most prevailing tools for understanding the long-run relationships, which are footstones in building human society. Recent works have revealed a new set of "zero-determinant (ZD)" strategies, which…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-11 Dong Hao , Zhihai Rong , Tao Zhou

Adversarial regularization has been shown to improve the generalization performance of deep learning models in various natural language processing tasks. Existing works usually formulate the method as a zero-sum game, which is solved by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-21 Simiao Zuo , Chen Liang , Haoming Jiang , Xiaodong Liu , Pengcheng He , Jianfeng Gao , Weizhu Chen , Tuo Zhao

We provide a general approach to reformulating any continuous-time stochastic Stackelberg differential game under closed-loop strategies as a single-level optimisation problem with target constraints. More precisely, we consider a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-14 Camilo Hernández , Nicolás Hernández Santibáñez , Emma Hubert , Dylan Possamaï

We present a new solution concept called evolutionarily stable Stackelberg equilibrium (SESS). We study the Stackelberg evolutionary game setting in which there is a single leading player and a symmetric population of followers. The leader…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Sam Ganzfried

Recent theory shows that extortioners taking advantage of the zero-determinant (ZD) strategy can unilaterally claim an unfair share of the payoffs in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. It is thus suggested that against a fixed extortioner,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-01-13 Xingru Chen , Feng Fu

We develop an analytical Stackelberg game framework for optimal resource allocation in a sequential attacker--defender setting with a finite set of assets and probabilistic attacks. The defender commits to a mixed protection strategy, after…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Azhar Iqbal , James M. Chappell , Derek Abbott

We study a two-player dynamic Stackelberg game where the follower's intention is unknown to the leader. Classical formulations of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) assume that the follower's best response (BR) function is known to the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Cayetana Salinas-Rodriguez , Jonathan Rogers , Sarah H. Q. Li

This paper is concerned with a two-person zero-sum indefinite stochastic linear-quadratic Stackelberg differential game with asymmetric informational uncertainties, where both the leader and follower face different and unknown disturbances.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-07-09 Na Xiang , Jingtao Shi

Repeated games are a framework for investigating long-term interdependence of multi-agent systems. In repeated games, zero-determinant (ZD) strategies attract much attention in evolutionary game theory, since they can unilaterally control…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-03-23 Ken Nakamura , Masahiko Ueda

We study Stackelberg (leader--follower) tuning of network parameters (tolls, capacities, incentives) in combinatorial congestion games, where selfish users choose discrete routes (or other combinatorial strategies) and settle at a…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Saeed Masiha , Sepehr Elahi , Negar Kiyavash , Patrick Thiran

Zero-determinant strategies are a class of strategies in repeated games which unilaterally control payoffs. Zero-determinant strategies have attracted much attention in studies of social dilemma, particularly in the context of evolution of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-11-11 Masahiko Ueda

Existing methods for learning Stackelberg equilibria typically assume that the followers' (variational, generalized) Nash equilibrium is unique. However, in the presence of multiple equilibria, without a selection convention, the problem…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-30 Silvia Cianchi , Anibal Sanjab , Sergio Grammatico

In this paper, we consider a sequential stochastic Stackelberg game with two players, a leader and a follower. The follower has access to the state of the system while the leader does not. Assuming that the players act in their respective…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-02-08 Rajesh K Mishra , Deepanshu Vasal , Sriram Vishwanath

Many real-world strategic games involve interactions between multiple players. We study a hierarchical multi-player game structure, where players with asymmetric roles can be separated into leaders and followers, a setting often referred to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Yaolong Yu , Haifeng Xu , Haipeng Chen

Leader-follower general-sum stochastic games (LF-GSSGs) model sequential decision-making under asymmetric commitment, where a leader commits to a policy and a follower best responds, yielding a strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) with…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Jilles Steeve Dibangoye , Thibaut Le Marre , Ocan Sankur , François Schwarzentruber

In many settings of interest, a policy is set by one party, the leader, in order to influence the action of another party, the follower, where the follower's response is determined by some private information. A natural question to ask is,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Michael Albert , Quinlan Dawkins , Minbiao Han , Haifeng Xu

Mixed extension has played an important role in game theory, especially in the proof of the existence of Nash equilibria in strategic form games. Mixed extension can be regarded as continuous relaxation of a strategic form game. Recently,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-05-05 Masahiko Ueda , Ayaka Fujita