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In a stochastic Stackelberg asymmetric security game, the strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) strategy is a popular option for the defender to get the highest utility against an attacker with the best response (BR) strategy. However, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-01-09 Zhaoyang Cheng , Guanpu Chen , Yiguang Hong

Moving Target Defense (MTD) is commonly formulated as a repeated security game to mitigate persistent threats. Although the strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) characterizes the defender's optimal strategy in the leader-follower framework,…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Zhaoyang Cheng , Guanpu Chen , Yiguang Hong , Ming Cao , Mikael Skoglund

We study Stackelberg equilibria in finitely repeated games, where the leader commits to a strategy that picks actions in each round and can be adaptive to the history of play (i.e. they commit to an algorithm). In particular, we study…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Natalie Collina , Eshwar Ram Arunachaleswaran , Michael Kearns

Using semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices, the profile evolutionary equation (PEE) for repeated finite games is obtained. By virtue of PEE, the zero-determinant (ZD) strategies are developed for general finite games. A formula is then…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-14 Daizhan Cheng , Changxi Li

Strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE) is the standard solution concept of Stackelberg security games. As opposed to the weak Stackelberg equilibrium (WSE), the SSE assumes that the follower breaks ties in favor of the leader and this is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-11-12 Qingyu Guo , Jiarui Gan , Fei Fang , Long Tran-Thanh , Milind Tambe , Bo An

Repeated games are useful models to analyze long term interactions of living species and complex social phenomena. Zero-determinant (ZD) strategies in repeated games discovered by Press and Dyson in 2012 enforce a linear payoff relationship…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-06-29 Azumi Mamiya , Daiki Miyagawa , Genki Ichinose

The Stackelberg game model, where a leader commits to a strategy and the follower best responds, has found widespread application, particularly to security problems. In the security setting, the goal is for the leader to compute an optimal…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Sai Mali Ananthanarayanan , Christian Kroer

Long-term cooperation, competition, or exploitation among individuals can be modeled through repeated games. In repeated games, Press and Dyson discovered zero-determinant (ZD) strategies that enforce a special relationship between two…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-07-18 Daiki Miyagawa , Azumi Mamiya , Genki Ichinose

Zero-determinant (ZD) strategies, a recently found novel class of strategies in repeated games, has attracted much attention in evolutionary game theory. A ZD strategy unilaterally enforces a linear relation between average payoffs of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-08 Masahiko Ueda , Toshiyuki Tanaka

The Stackelberg equilibrium solution concept describes optimal strategies to commit to: Player 1 (termed the leader) publicly commits to a strategy and Player 2 (termed the follower) plays a best response to this strategy (ties are broken…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2016-08-24 Branislav Bosansky , Simina Branzei , Kristoffer Arnsfelt Hansen , Peter Bro Miltersen , Troels Bjerre Sorensen

Stackelberg equilibrium is a solution concept that describes optimal strategies to commit: Player 1 (the leader) first commits to a strategy that is publicly announced, then Player 2 (the follower) plays a best response to the leader's…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-11-04 Aditya Aradhye , Branislav Bošanský , Michael Hlaváček

Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for sustaining mutual cooperation in repeated social dilemma games, where a player would keep cooperation to avoid being retaliated by a co-player in the future. So-called zero-determinant (ZD) strategies…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-11-27 Genki Ichinose , Naoki Masuda

The advent of Zero-Determinant (ZD) strategies has reshaped the study of reciprocity and cooperation in the iterated Prisoner's Dilemma games. The ramification of ZD strategies has been demonstrated through their ability to unilaterally…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-08-05 Xingru Chen , Long Wang , Feng Fu

There has been significant recent interest in leader-follower security games, where the leader dominates the decision process with the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) strategy. However, such a leader-follower scheme may become invalid in…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Gehui Xu , Guanpu Chen , Zhaoyang Cheng , Yiguang Hong , Hongsheng Qi

We address two-player general-sum stochastic Stackelberg games (SSGs), where the leader's policy is optimized considering the best-response follower whose policy is optimal for its reward under the leader. Existing policy gradient and value…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Mikoto Kudo , Youhei Akimoto

In two-player repeated games, Zero-Determinant (ZD) strategies enable a player to unilaterally enforce a linear payoff relation between her own and her opponent's payoff irrespective of the opponent's strategy. This manipulative nature of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Alain Govaert , Ming Cao

A formula is presented for designing zero-determinant(ZD) strategies of general finite games, which have $n$ players and players can have different numbers of strategies. To this end, using semi-tensor product (STP) of matrices, the profile…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Daizhan Cheng

Zero Determinant (ZD) strategies are a new class of probabilistic and conditional strategies that are able to unilaterally set the expected payoff of an opponent in iterated plays of the Prisoner's Dilemma irrespective of the opponent's…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2013-08-07 Christoph Adami , Arend Hintze

This paper provides a systematic study of the robust Stackelberg equilibrium (RSE), which naturally generalizes the widely adopted solution concept of the strong Stackelberg equilibrium (SSE). The RSE accounts for any possible…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jiarui Gan , Minbiao Han , Jibang Wu , Haifeng Xu

The Stackelberg security game is played between a defender and an attacker, where the defender needs to allocate a limited amount of resources to multiple targets in order to minimize the loss due to adversarial attack by the attacker.…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Rufan Bai , Haoxing Lin , Xinyu Yang , Xiaowei Wu , Minming Li , Weijia Jia
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