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We propose a control-theoretic interpretation of recommender systems and use this perspective to analyze how fairness interventions shape long-term system behavior. Fairness concerns arise for both users and creators, ranging from opinion…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-05 Giulia De Pasquale , Sarah Dean , Paolo Frasca

Recommender systems, while transformative in online user experiences, have raised concerns over potential provider-side fairness issues. These systems may inadvertently favor popular items, thereby marginalizing less popular ones and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-09-11 Saeedeh Karimi , Hossein A. Rahmani , Mohammadmehdi Naghiaei , Leila Safari

Recommender systems can be found everywhere today, shaping our everyday experience whenever we're consuming content, ordering food, buying groceries online, or even just reading the news. Let's imagine we're in the process of building a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Cécile Logé

In the current landscape of ever-increasing levels of digitalization, we are facing major challenges pertaining to scalability. Recommender systems have become irreplaceable both for helping users navigate the increasing amounts of data…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Bjørnar Vassøy , Helge Langseth

Recommendation algorithms typically build models based on historical user-item interactions (e.g., clicks, likes, or ratings) to provide a personalized ranked list of items. These interactions are often distributed unevenly over different…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Ziwei Zhu , Jianling Wang , James Caverlee

As one of the most pervasive applications of machine learning, recommender systems are playing an important role on assisting human decision making. The satisfaction of users and the interests of platforms are closely related to the quality…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Yunqi Li , Hanxiong Chen , Shuyuan Xu , Yingqiang Ge , Juntao Tan , Shuchang Liu , Yongfeng Zhang

Many recommender systems suffer from popularity bias: popular items are recommended frequently while less popular, niche products, are recommended rarely or not at all. However, recommending the ignored products in the `long tail' is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Himan Abdollahpouri , Robin Burke , Bamshad Mobasher

Research on fairness in machine learning has been recently extended to recommender systems. One of the factors that may impact fairness is bias disparity, the degree to which a group's preferences on various item categories fail to be…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-08-05 Masoud Mansoury , Bamshad Mobasher , Robin Burke , Mykola Pechenizkiy

The issue of popularity bias -- where popular items are disproportionately recommended, overshadowing less popular but potentially relevant items -- remains a significant challenge in recommender systems. Recent advancements have seen the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jan Malte Lichtenberg , Alexander Buchholz , Pola Schwöbel

Recommender system usually suffers from severe popularity bias -- the collected interaction data usually exhibits quite imbalanced or even long-tailed distribution over items. Such skewed distribution may result from the users' conformity…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Zihao Zhao , Jiawei Chen , Sheng Zhou , Xiangnan He , Xuezhi Cao , Fuzheng Zhang , Wei Wu

Position bias poses a persistent challenge in recommender systems, with much of the existing research focusing on refining ranking relevance and driving user engagement. However, in practical applications, the mitigation of position bias…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Andrii Dzhoha , Alexey Kurennoy , Vladimir Vlasov , Marjan Celikik

There has been growing attention on fairness considerations recently, especially in the context of intelligent decision making systems. Explainable recommendation systems, in particular, may suffer from both explanation bias and performance…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Zuohui Fu , Yikun Xian , Ruoyuan Gao , Jieyu Zhao , Qiaoying Huang , Yingqiang Ge , Shuyuan Xu , Shijie Geng , Chirag Shah , Yongfeng Zhang , Gerard de Melo

Recommender systems are used in variety of domains affecting people's lives. This has raised concerns about possible biases and discrimination that such systems might exacerbate. There are two primary kinds of biases inherent in recommender…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-09-25 Golnoosh Farnadi , Pigi Kouki , Spencer K. Thompson , Sriram Srinivasan , Lise Getoor

Recommender systems are known to exhibit fairness issues, particularly on the product side, where products and their associated suppliers receive unequal exposure in recommended results. While this problem has been widely studied in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Huy-Son Nguyen , Yuanna Liu , Masoud Mansoury , Mohammad Alian Nejadi , Alan Hanjalic , Maarten de Rijke

Popularity bias is the idea that a recommender system will unduly favor popular artists when recommending artists to users. As such, they may contribute to a winner-take-all marketplace in which a small number of artists receive nearly all…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Douglas R. Turnbull , Sean McQuillan , Vera Crabtree , John Hunter , Sunny Zhang

Recommender systems are one of the most widely used services on several online platforms to suggest potential items to the end-users. These services often use different machine learning techniques for which fairness is a concerning factor,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-11-11 Aadi Swadipto Mondal , Rakesh Bal , Sayan Sinha , Gourab K Patro

Recommendation systems today exert a strong influence on consumer behavior and individual perceptions of the world. By using collaborative filtering (CF) methods to create recommendations, it generates a continuous feedback loop in which…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Sunshine Chong , Andrés Abeliuk

Collaborative filtering (CF) recommender systems struggle with making predictions on unseen, or 'cold', items. Systems designed to address this challenge are often trained with supervision from warm CF models in order to leverage…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Gregor Meehan , Johan Pauwels

We propose a simple model of an idealized online cultural market in which $N$ items, endowed with a hidden quality metric, are recommended to users by a ranking algorithm possibly biased by the current items' popularity. Our goal is to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Rossano Gaeta , Michele Garetto , Giancarlo Ruffo , Alessandro Flammini

We explore the fairness issue that arises in recommender systems. Biased data due to inherent stereotypes of particular groups (e.g., male students' average rating on mathematics is often higher than that on humanities, and vice versa for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Jaewoong Cho , Moonseok Choi , Changho Suh