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We investigate a new class of transverse momentum dependent functions (TMDs), as known as align-spin (AS) functions. In the paper, we propose the most suitable proof of the AS-function existence together with the demonstration of the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-02-06 I. V. Anikin , Xurong Chen

We determine the small Bjorken $x$ asymptotics of the quark and gluon orbital angular momentum (OAM) distributions in the proton in the double-logarithmic approximation (DLA), which resums powers of $\alpha_s \ln^2 (1/x)$ with $\alpha_s$…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-05-01 Yuri V. Kovchegov

Higher-twist transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) are a valuable probe of the quark-gluon dynamics in the nucleon, and play a vital role for the explanation of sizable azimuthal asymmetries in hadron production…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2015-06-23 C. Lorcé , B. Pasquini , P. Schweitzer

We explain a gluon transversity, transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs), and parton distribution functions (PDFs) for spin-1 hadrons. The gluon transversity exists in hadrons with spin more than or equal to one,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-01-14 S. Kumano , Qin-Tao Song

We present the first next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order (N$^3$LO) calculation of the twist-2 matching coefficients for transverse momentum dependent (TMD) quark transversity parton distribution and fragmentation functions in QCD. This…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-02-03 Yu Jiao Zhu

We systematically derive expressions for ten small-$x$ Transverse Momentum Dependent (TMD) distributions in the Gaussian approximation, three in the quark-gluon sector and seven in the gluon-gluon sector; for the general $SU(N_c)$ gauge…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-03-17 Florian Cougoulic , Piotr Korcyl , Tomasz Stebel

The Drell-Yan process is studied in the framework of TMD factorization in the Sudakov region $s\gg Q^2\gg q_\perp^2$ corresponding to recent LHC experiments with $Q^2$ of order of mass of Z-boson and transverse momentum of DY pair $\sim$…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-07-27 Ian Balitsky

We study the small-$x$ asymptotics of unpolarized generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and generalized transverse momentum distributions (GTMDs). Unlike the previous works in the literature, we consider the case of non-zero (but small)…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-05-07 Yuri V. Kovchegov , M. Gabriel Santiago , Huachen Sun

Valley asymmetry of the electron spectrum in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) originates from the spin-orbit coupling. Presence of spin-orbit fields of opposite signs for electrons in K and K' valleys in combination with possibility…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2016-05-11 Z. Yue , Kun Tian , A. Tiwari , M. E. Raikh

New Lorentz Invariance Relations (LIRs) were presented between twist-three Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) and transverse momentum, $k_T$, moments of twist-two Generalized Transverse Momentum-Dependent Distributions (GTMDs). By…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2018-02-22 Simonetta Liuti , Michael Engelhardt , Abha Rajan

Transverse momentum dependent (TMD) distributions at small x exhibit a rich infinite twist structure that encompasses the leading twist (partonic) distributions as well as the physics of gluon saturation. Progress to further the connection…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-09-30 Renaud Boussarie , Yacine Mehtar-Tani

Leading and subleading twist transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) are studied in a quark model framework provided by the bag model. A complete set of relations among different TMDs is derived, and the question…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2010-05-12 H. Avakian , A. V. Efremov , P. Schweitzer , F. Yuan

We compute the contribution of twist-2 and twist-3 parton distribution functions to the small-$b$ expansion for transverse momentum dependent (TMD) distributions at all powers of $b$. The computation is done by the twist-decomposition…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-08-06 Valentin Moos , Alexey Vladimirov

We study the energy or TMD evolution of the three leading twist dipole type T-odd gluon TMDs inside a transversely polarized nucleon, all of which at small $x$ dynamically originate from the spin dependent odderon. Their energy dependence…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2022-06-01 Daniël Boer , Yoshikazu Hagiwara , Jian Zhou , Ya-jin Zhou

We use the Bessel-inspired behavior of parton densities at small Bjorken $x$ values, obtained in the case of the flat initial conditions for DGLAP evolution equations in the double scaling QCD approximation (DAS), to evaluate the transverse…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2020-03-18 A. V. Kotikov , A. V. Lipatov , B. G. Shaikhatdenov , P. Zhang

We predict the twist-2 Transverse Momentum Dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) of the pion, namely the unpolarized quark TMD, $f_{1}(x, k_\perp)$, and the transversely polarized quark TMD, also known as the Boer-Mulders function,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2019-09-09 Mohammad Ahmady , Chandan Mondal , Ruben Sandapen

To study the heavy quark production processes, we use the transverse momentum dependent (TMD, or unintegrated) gluon distribution function in a proton obtained recently using the Kimber-Martin-Ryskin prescription from the Bessel-inspired…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2021-10-04 A. V. Kotikov , A. V. Lipatov , P. Zhang

Within the Basis Light-Front Quantization framework, we systematically investigate the subleading twist (twist-3) transverse-momentum-dependent parton distribution functions (TMDs) of the proton beyond the Wandzura-Wilczek (WW)…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-01-22 Zhimin Zhu , Siqi Xu , Jiatong Wu , Hongyao Yu , Zhi Hu , Jiangshan Lan , Chandan Mondal , Xingbo Zhao , James P. Vary , BLFQ Collaboration

In this work, we have established the relations between the T-even proton transverse momentum-dependent parton distributions (TMDs) at all twist levels up to twist-4 using the light-front quark diquark model (LFQDM). From the…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2024-11-21 Shubham Sharma , Satyajit Puhan , Narinder Kumar , Harleen Dahiya

We investigate the feasibility of exploring the gluon transverse-momentum-dependent distribution functions (TMDs) inside a longitudinally polarized nucleon. We utilize quarkonium production via the color-octet mechanism combined with TMD…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2023-10-03 Huachao liu , Xiupeng xie , Zhun Lu