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Courts must justify their decisions, but systematically analyzing judicial reasoning at scale remains difficult. This study tests claims about formalistic judging in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) by developing automated methods to detect…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Tomáš Koref , Lena Held , Mahammad Namazov , Harun Kumru , Yassine Thlija , Ivan Habernal

Word embedding is a modern distributed word representations approach widely used in many natural language processing tasks. Converting the vocabulary in a legal document into a word embedding model facilitates subjecting legal documents to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Chun-Hsien Lin , Pu-Jen Cheng

Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction for Chinese literature text is regarded as the highly difficult problem, partially because of the lack of tagging sets. In this paper, we build a discourse-level dataset from hundreds of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Jingjing Xu , Ji Wen , Xu Sun , Qi Su

In this study, we focus on two main tasks, the first for detecting legal violations within unstructured textual data, and the second for associating these violations with potentially affected individuals. We constructed two datasets using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Dor Bernsohn , Gil Semo , Yaron Vazana , Gila Hayat , Ben Hagag , Joel Niklaus , Rohit Saha , Kyryl Truskovskyi

In this paper, we address the task of semantic segmentation of legal documents through rhetorical role classification, with a focus on Indian legal judgments. We introduce LegalSeg, the largest annotated dataset for this task, comprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Tanmay Dubey , Govind Sharma , Noel Shallum , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Arnab Bhattacharya

Extracting the reported events from text is one of the key research themes in natural language processing. This process includes several tasks such as event detection, argument extraction, role labeling. As one of the most important topics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Viet Dac Lai

Software systems must comply with legal regulations, which is a resource-intensive task, particularly for small organizations and startups lacking dedicated legal expertise. Extracting metadata from regulations to elicit legal requirements…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Anmol Singhal , Travis Breaux

We present the Massive Legal Embedding Benchmark (MLEB), the largest, most diverse, and most comprehensive open-source benchmark for legal information retrieval to date. MLEB consists of ten expert-annotated datasets spanning multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Umar Butler , Abdur-Rahman Butler , Adrian Lucas Malec

Scientific information extraction (SciIE) is critical for converting unstructured knowledge from scholarly articles into structured data (entities and relations). Several datasets have been proposed for training and validating SciIE models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Qi Zhang , Zhijia Chen , Huitong Pan , Cornelia Caragea , Longin Jan Latecki , Eduard Dragut

This paper introduces a new information extraction model for business documents. Different from prior studies which only base on span extraction or sequence labeling, the model takes into account advantage of both span extraction and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Nguyen Hong Son , Hieu M. Vu , Tuan-Anh D. Nguyen , Minh-Tien Nguyen

Document-level relation extraction aims at inferring structured human knowledge from textual documents. State-of-the-art methods for this task use pre-trained language models (LMs) via fine-tuning, yet fine-tuning is computationally…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Yilmazcan Ozyurt , Stefan Feuerriegel , Ce Zhang

Multi-label text classification (MLTC) tasks in the medical domain often face the long-tail label distribution problem. Prior works have explored hierarchical label structures to find relevant information for few-shot classes, but mostly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Xueren Ge , Satpathy Abhishek , Ronald Dean Williams , John A. Stankovic , Homa Alemzadeh

Keyphrases are useful for a variety of purposes, including summarizing, indexing, labeling, categorizing, clustering, highlighting, browsing, and searching. The task of automatic keyphrase extraction is to select keyphrases from within the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Peter D. Turney

The Brazilian judiciary has a large workload, resulting in a long time to finish legal proceedings. Brazilian National Council of Justice has established in Resolution 469/2022 formal guidance for document and process digitalization opening…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Daniel da Silva Junior , Paulo Roberto dos S. Corval , Aline Paes , Daniel de Oliveira

The advent of Large Language Models has revolutionized tasks across domains, including the automation of legal document analysis, a critical component of modern contract management systems. This paper presents a comprehensive implementation…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-23 Cuize Han , Sesh Jalagam

Typically, information extraction (IE) requires a pipeline approach: first, a sequence labeling model is trained on manually annotated documents to extract relevant spans; then, when a new document arrives, a model predicts spans which are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Benjamin Townsend , Eamon Ito-Fisher , Lily Zhang , Madison May

Chinese Grammatical Error Correction (CGEC) has been attracting growing attention from researchers recently. In spite of the fact that multiple CGEC datasets have been developed to support the research, these datasets lack the ability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Hanyue Du , Yike Zhao , Qingyuan Tian , Jiani Wang , Lei Wang , Yunshi Lan , Xuesong Lu

Event argument extraction (EAE) is an important task for information extraction to discover specific argument roles. In this study, we cast EAE as a question-based cloze task and empirically analyze fixed discrete token template…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-26 Hongbin Ye , Ningyu Zhang , Zhen Bi , Shumin Deng , Chuanqi Tan , Hui Chen , Fei Huang , Huajun Chen

Predicting the judgment of a legal case from its unannotated case facts is a challenging task. The lengthy and non-uniform document structure poses an even greater challenge in extracting information for decision prediction. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Nishchal Prasad , Mohand Boughanem , Taoufiq Dkaki

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive general capabilities, their direct application in the legal domain is often hindered by a lack of precise domain knowledge and complexity of performing rigorous multi-step…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Haitao Li , Yifan Chen , Shuo Miao , Qian Dong , Jia Chen , Yiran Hu , Junjie Chen , Minghao Qin , Yueyue Wu , Yujia Zhou , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu , Cheng Luo , Quan Zhou , Ya Zhang , Jikun Hu