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Quantum state tomography (QST) is an essential technique for characterizing quantum states. However, practical implementations of QST are significantly challenged by factors such as shot noise, attenuation, and Raman scattering, especially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-26 Artur Czerwinski

Learning representations for reinforcement learning (RL) has shown much promise for continuous control. We propose an efficient representation learning method using only a self-supervised latent-state consistency loss. Our approach employs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Aidan Scannell , Kalle Kujanpää , Yi Zhao , Mohammadreza Nakhaei , Arno Solin , Joni Pajarinen

Full quantum state tomography (FQST) plays a unique role in the estimation of the state of a quantum system without \emph{a priori} knowledge or assumptions. Unfortunately, since FQST requires informationally (over)complete measurements,…

Quantum State Tomography is the task of determining an unknown quantum state by making measurements on identical copies of the state. Current algorithms are costly both on the experimental front -- requiring vast numbers of measurements --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-18 Yihui Quek , Stanislav Fort , Hui Khoon Ng

Quantum state tomography is a fundamental task in quantum computing, involving the reconstruction of an unknown quantum state from measurement outcomes. Although essential, it is typically introduced at the graduate level due to its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-14 Mohammad Aamir Sohail , Ranga Sudharshan , S. Sandeep Pradhan , Arvind Rao

The characterization of quantum states is a fundamental step of any application of quantum technologies. Nowadays there exist several approaches addressing this problem, also based on machine and deep learning techniques. However, all these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-07 Diego Maragnano , Claudio Cusano , Marco Liscidini

We introduce the concept of selective quantum state tomography or SQST, a tomographic scheme that enables a user to estimate arbitrary elements of an unknown quantum state using a fixed measurement record. We demonstrate how this may be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-12 Joshua Morris , Borivoje Dakić

One of the key considerations in the development of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) protocols is the encoding of classical data onto a quantum device. In this chapter we introduce the Matrix Product State representation of quantum systems…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-15 Chris Nakhl , Maxwell West , Muhammad Usman

Quantum state tomography (QST) aims at estimating a quantum state from averaged quantum measurements made on copies of the state. Most quantum algorithms rely on QST at some point and it is a well explored topic in the literature, mostly…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-18 François Verdeil , Yannick Deville

A simple yet efficient method of linear regression estimation (LRE) is presented for quantum state tomography. In this method, quantum state reconstruction is converted into a parameter estimation problem of a linear regression model and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-18 Bo Qi , Zhibo Hou , Li Li , Daoyi Dong , Guoyong Xiang , Guangcan Guo

Quantum state tomography (QST) is plagued by the ``curse of dimensionality'' due to the exponentially-scaled complexity in measurement and data post-processing. Efficient QST schemes for large-scale mixed states are currently missing. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-15 Wen-jun Li , Kai Xu , Heng Fan , Shi-ju Ran , Gang Su

Reconstructing quantum states is an important task for various emerging quantum technologies. The process of reconstructing the density matrix of a quantum state is known as quantum state tomography. Conventionally, tomography of arbitrary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-08-17 Sanjib Ghosh , Andrzej Opala , Michał Matuszewski , Tomasz Paterek , Timothy C. H. Liew

Quantum state tomography (QST) is a crucial tool for characterizing quantum states. However, QST becomes impractical for reconstructing multi-qubit density matrices since data sets and computational costs grow exponentially with qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-02 Aniket Patel , Akshay Gaikwad , Tangyou Huang , Anton Frisk Kockum , Tahereh Abad

Quantum state tomography is an elementary tool to fully characterize an unknown quantum state. As the quantum hardware scales up in size, the standard quantum state tomography becomes increasingly challenging due to its exponentially…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-12 Lu Zhong , Chu Guo , Xiaoting Wang

Quantum state tomography (QST) represents an essential tool for the characterization, verification, and validation (QCVV) of quantum processors. Only for a few idealized scenarios, there are analytic results for the optimal measurement set…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-27 Violeta N. Ivanova-Rohling , Niklas Rohling , Guido Burkard

Quantum state tomography (QST) remains the gold standard for benchmarking and verification of near-term quantum devices. While QST for a generic quantum many-body state requires an exponentially large amount of resources, most physical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-15 Casey Jameson , Zhen Qin , Alireza Goldar , Michael B. Wakin , Zhihui Zhu , Zhexuan Gong

Quantum state tomography (QST) is the art of reconstructing an unknown quantum state through measurements. It is a key primitive for developing quantum technologies. Neural network quantum state tomography (NNQST), which aims to reconstruct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-18 Victor Wei , W. A. Coish , Pooya Ronagh , Christine A. Muschik

The reliable characterization of quantum states is a fundamental task in quantum information science. For this purpose, quantum state tomography provides a standard framework for reconstructing quantum states from measurement data, yet it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Yixuan Hu , Mengru Ma , Jiangwei Shang

We introduce QSTToolkit, a Python library for performing quantum state tomography (QST) on optical quantum state measurement data. The toolkit integrates traditional Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) with deep learning-based techniques to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-19 George FitzGerald , Will Yeadon

Quantum state tomography is a daunting challenge of experimental quantum computing even in moderate system size. One way to boost the efficiency of state tomography is via local measurements on reduced density matrices, but the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-03 Tao Xin , Sirui Lu , Ningping Cao , Galit Anikeeva , Dawei Lu , Jun Li , Guilu Long , Bei Zeng