One of the key considerations in the development of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) protocols is the encoding of classical data onto a quantum device. In this chapter we introduce the Matrix Product State representation of quantum systems and show how it may be used to construct circuits which encode a desired state. Putting this in the context of QML we show how this process may be modified to give a low depth approximate encoding and crucially that this encoding does not hinder classification accuracy and is indeed exhibits an increased robustness against classical adversarial attacks. This is illustrated by demonstrations of adversarially robust variational quantum classifiers for the MNIST and FMNIST dataset, as well as a small-scale experimental demonstration on a superconducting quantum device.
@article{arxiv.2601.09363,
title = {Efficient State Preparation for Quantum Machine Learning},
author = {Chris Nakhl and Maxwell West and Muhammad Usman},
journal= {arXiv preprint arXiv:2601.09363},
year = {2026}
}
Comments
This book chapter has been accepted for Springer Nature Quantum Robustness in Artificial Intelligence and will appear in the book: https://link.springer.com/book/9783032111524?srsltid=AfmBOood7vZYc5xJYtLrQWND4pjedgfWAfAFFocjvnNS1lrNpVBwvJcO#accessibility-information