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Large language models (LLMs) have shown promising potential in persuasion, but existing works on training LLM persuaders are still preliminary. Notably, while humans are skilled in modeling their opponent's thoughts and opinions proactively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Peixuan Han , Zijia Liu , Jiaxuan You

Intuitive psychology is a pillar of common-sense reasoning. The replication of this reasoning in machine intelligence is an important stepping-stone on the way to human-like artificial intelligence. Several recent tasks and benchmarks for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Tomer Ullman

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged with remarkable capabilities in complex tasks through Chain-of-Thought reasoning, practical resource constraints have sparked interest in transferring these abilities to smaller models.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jin Cui , Jiaqi Guo , Jiepeng Zhou , Ruixuan Yang , Jiayi Lu , Jiajun Xu , Jiangcheng Song , Boran Zhao , Pengju Ren

As the performance of larger, newer Large Language Models continues to improve for strategic Theory of Mind (ToM) tasks, the demand for these state-of-the-art models increases commensurately. However, their deployment is costly both in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Nunzio Lore , Sepehr Ilami , Babak Heydari

The study explores whether current Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit Theory of Mind (ToM) capabilities -- specifically, the ability to infer others' beliefs, intentions, and emotions from text. Given that LLMs are trained on language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Anna Babarczy , Andras Lukacs , Peter Vedres , Zeteny Bujka

Theory of Mind (ToM) is a hallmark of human cognition, allowing individuals to reason about others' beliefs and intentions. Engineers behind recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have claimed to demonstrate comparable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Nitay Alon , Joseph Barnby , Reuth Mirsky , Stefan Sarkadi

Recent work shows activation steering substantially improves language models' Theory of Mind (ToM) (Bortoletto et al. 2024), yet the mechanisms of what changes occur internally that leads to different outputs remains unclear. We propose…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Ivan Chulo , Ananya Joshi

This paper investigates whether LMs recruit shared computational mechanisms for general Theory of Mind (ToM) and language-specific pragmatic reasoning in order to contribute to the general question of whether LMs may be said to have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Polina Tsvilodub , Jan-Felix Klumpp , Amir Mohammadpour , Jennifer Hu , Michael Franke

Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning entails recognizing that other individuals possess their own intentions, emotions, and thoughts, which is vital for guiding one's own thought processes. Although large language models (LLMs) excel in tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Maryam Amirizaniani , Elias Martin , Maryna Sivachenko , Afra Mashhadi , Chirag Shah

Reaching a consensus on the team plans is vital to human-AI coordination. Although previous studies provide approaches through communications in various ways, it could still be hard to coordinate when the AI has no explainable plan to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Chenxu Wang , Zilong Chen , Angelo Cangelosi , Huaping Liu

Intelligent Tutoring Systems often grant learners shared control over skill and problem selection. This choice brings motivational and metacognitive benefits. At the same time, past literature suggests that learners exhibit diverse…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Haley Noh , Aarna Chowdhary , Jeroen Ooge , Vincent Aleven , Conrad Borchers

$\textit{No man is an island.}$ Humans communicate with a large community by coordinating with different interlocutors within short conversations. This ability has been understudied by the research on building neural communicative agents.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Hao Zhu , Graham Neubig , Yonatan Bisk

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to reason about one's own and others' mental states. ToM plays a critical role in the development of intelligence, language understanding, and cognitive processes. While previous work has primarily…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Yinghui He , Yufan Wu , Yilin Jia , Rada Mihalcea , Yulong Chen , Naihao Deng

Large Language Models (LLMs) have sparked substantial interest and debate concerning their potential emergence of Theory of Mind (ToM) ability. Theory of mind evaluations currently focuses on testing models using machine-generated data or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Chunkit Chan , Cheng Jiayang , Yauwai Yim , Zheye Deng , Wei Fan , Haoran Li , Xin Liu , Hongming Zhang , Weiqi Wang , Yangqiu Song

The question of whether large language models (LLMs) possess Theory of Mind (ToM) -- often defined as the ability to reason about others' mental states -- has sparked significant scientific and public interest. However, the evidence as to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Jennifer Hu , Felix Sosa , Tomer Ullman

Machine teaching is an algorithmic framework for teaching a target hypothesis via a sequence of examples or demonstrations. We investigate machine teaching for temporal logic formulas -- a novel and expressive hypothesis class amenable to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-01-28 Zhe Xu , Yuxin Chen , Ufuk Topcu

Theory of Mind (ToM) reasoning with Large Language Models (LLMs) requires inferring how people's implicit, evolving beliefs shape what they seek and how they act under uncertainty -- especially in high-stakes settings such as disaster…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Ruxiao Chen , Xilei Zhao , Thomas J. Cova , Frank A. Drews , Susu Xu

Machine teaching studies the interaction between a teacher and a student/learner where the teacher selects training examples for the learner to learn a specific task. The typical assumption is that the teacher has perfect knowledge of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Rati Devidze , Farnam Mansouri , Luis Haug , Yuxin Chen , Adish Singla

The vertebrate motor system employs dimensionality-reducing strategies to limit the complexity of movement coordination, for efficient motor control. But when environments are dense with hidden action-outcome contingencies, movement…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-01-06 Ryutaro Uchiyama

What if there is a teacher who knows the learning goal and wants to design good training data for a machine learner? We propose an optimal teaching framework aimed at learners who employ Bayesian models. Our framework is expressed as an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-10-04 Xiaojin Zhu