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This note presents a historical survey of informal semantics that are associated with logic programming under answer set semantics. We review these in uniform terms and align them with two paradigms: Answer Set Programming and ASP-Prolog --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Yuliya Lierler

Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a declarative problem solving paradigm that can be used to encode a combinatorial problem as a logic program whose stable models correspond to the solutions of the considered problem. ASP has been widely…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Van-Giang Trinh , Belaid Benhamou

Substantial efforts have been made in developing various Decision Modeling formalisms, both from industry and academia. A challenging problem is that of expressing decision knowledge in the context of incomplete knowledge. In such contexts,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Đorđe Marković , Simon Vandevelde , Linde Vanbesien , Joost Vennekens , Marc Denecker

Answer set programming (ASP) is a well-established logic programming language that offers an intuitive, declarative syntax for problem solving. In its traditional application, a fixed ASP program for a given problem is designed and the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-08 Manuel Bichler , Michael Morak , Stefan Woltran

Assumption-based argumentation (ABA) is a central structured argumentation formalism. As shown recently, answer set programming (ASP) enables efficiently solving NP-hard reasoning tasks of ABA in practice, in particular in the commonly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-10 Tuomo Lehtonen , Johannes P. Wallner , Matti Järvisalo

Standard answer set programming (ASP) targets at solving search problems from the first level of the polynomial time hierarchy (PH). Tackling search problems beyond NP using ASP is less straightforward. The class of disjunctive logic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-16 Bart Bogaerts , Tomi Janhunen , Shahab Tasharrofi

Answer Set Programming (ASP) is a powerful paradigm for non-monotonic reasoning. Recently, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated promising capabilities in logical reasoning. Despite this potential, current evaluations of LLM…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Lin Ren , Guohui Xiao , Guilin Qi , Yishuai Geng , Haohan Xue

In the context of the Semantic Web, several approaches to the combination of ontologies, given in terms of theories of classical first-order logic and rule bases, have been proposed. They either cast rules into classical logic or limit the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-06-14 Jos de Bruijn , Thomas Eiter , Axel Polleres , Hans Tompits

Answer set programming (ASP) is a popular nonmonotonic-logic based paradigm for knowledge representation and solving combinatorial problems. Computing the answer set of an ASP program is NP-hard in general, and researchers have been…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Fang Li

We introduce APPL (Abstract Program Property Logic), a unifying Hoare-style logic that subsumes standard Hoare logic, incorrectness logic, and several variants of Hyper Hoare logic. APPL provides a principled foundation for abstract program…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Paolo Baldan , Roberto Bruni , Francesco Ranzato , Diletta Rigo

In Knowledge Representation, it is crucial that knowledge engineers have a good understanding of the formal expressions that they write. What formal expressions state intuitively about the domain of discourse is studied in the theory of the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-29 Marc Denecker , Yuliya Lierler , Miroslaw truszczynski , Joost Vennekens

Dynamic Epistemic Logic (DEL) provides a framework for epistemic planning that is capable of representing non-deterministic actions, partial observability, higher-order knowledge and both factual and epistemic change. The high expressivity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-31 Alessandro Burigana , Paolo Felli , Marco Montali

Possibilistic logic programs (poss-programs) under stable models are a major variant of answer set programming (ASP). While its semantics (possibilistic stable models) and properties have been well investigated, the problem of inductive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Hongbo Hu , Yisong Wang , Yi Huang , Kewen Wang

Answer set programming is a prominent declarative programming paradigm used in formulating combinatorial search problems and implementing different knowledge representation formalisms. Frequently, several related and yet substantially…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-01 Yuliya Lierler

We introduce an implementation of an extension of Answer Set Programming (ASP) with language constructs from dynamic (and temporal) logic that provides an expressive computational framework for modeling dynamic applications. Starting from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Pedro Cabalar , Martín Diéguez , Torsten Schaub , François Laferrière

Answer-set programming (ASP) paradigm is a way of using logic to solve search problems. Given a search problem, to solve it one designs a theory in the logic so that models of this theory represent problem solutions. To compute a solution…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Deborah East , Miroslaw Truszczynski

Rule-based reasoning is an essential part of human intelligence prominently formalized in artificial intelligence research via logic programs. Describing complex objects as the composition of elementary ones is a common strategy in computer…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-15 Christian Antic

The generation of comprehensible explanations is an essential feature of modern artificial intelligence systems. In this work, we consider probabilistic logic programming, an extension of logic programming which can be useful to model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Germán Vidal

In recent years, Answer Set Programming (ASP), logic programming under the stable model or answer set semantics, has seen several extensions by generalizing the notion of an atom in these programs: be it aggregate atoms, HEX atoms,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-12-23 Mario Alviano , Wolfgang Faber

Answer set programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming that allows to succinctly formulate and efficiently solve complex problems. An intuitive extension of this formalism is communicating ASP, in which multiple ASP programs…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2011-09-13 Kim Bauters , Jeroen Janssen , Steven Schockaert , Dirk Vermeir , Martine De Cock