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A complete understanding of heterogeneous treatment effects involves characterizing the full conditional distribution of potential outcomes. To this end, we propose the Conditional Counterfactual Mean Embeddings (CCME), a framework that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-05 Thatchanon Anancharoenkij , Donlapark Ponnoprat

Counterfactual inference considers a hypothetical intervention in a parallel world that shares some evidence with the factual world. If the evidence specifies a conditional distribution on a manifold, counterfactuals may be analytically…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-03 Juha Karvanen , Santtu Tikka , Matti Vihola

We derive estimators of the density of the event times of current status data. The estimators are derived for the situations where the distribution of the observation times is known and where this distribution is unknown. The density…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-04 Bert van Es , Catharina Elisabeth Graafland

Imbalanced response variable distribution is a common occurrence in data science. In fields such as fraud detection, medical diagnostics, system intrusion detection and many others where abnormal behavior is rarely observed the data under…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-21 Firuz Kamalov

We consider the problem of estimation of a bivariate density function with support $\Re\times[0,\infty)$, where a classical bivariate kernel estimator causes boundary bias due to the non-negative variable. To overcome this problem, we…

Applications · Statistics 2019-08-08 Uttam Bandyopadhyay , Soumita Modak

The average treatment effect, which is the difference in expectation of the counterfactuals, is probably the most popular target effect in causal inference with binary treatments. However, treatments may have effects beyond the mean, for…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-02 Diego Martinez-Taboada , Aaditya Ramdas , Edward H. Kennedy

The traditional kernel density estimator of an unknown density is by construction completely nonparametric, in the sense that it has no preferences and will work reasonably well for all shapes. The present paper develops a class of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-05 Nils Lid Hjort , Ingrid Kristine Glad

Contrastive divergence (CD) is a promising method of inference in high dimensional distributions with intractable normalizing constants, however, the theoretical foundations justifying its use are somewhat shaky. This document proposes a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-05-06 Ian E Fellows

Counterfactual analysis is intuitively performed by humans on a daily basis eg. "What should I have done differently to get the loan approved?". Such counterfactual questions also steer the formulation of scientific hypotheses. More…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Juliane Weilbach , Sebastian Gerwinn , Melih Kandemir , Martin Fraenzle

We study the problem of distribution to real-value regression, where one aims to regress a mapping $f$ that takes in a distribution input covariate $P\in \mathcal{I}$ (for a non-parametric family of distributions $\mathcal{I}$) and outputs…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-03-11 Junier B. Oliva , Willie Neiswanger , Barnabas Poczos , Jeff Schneider , Eric Xing

This paper presents new methodology for computationally efficient kernel density estimation. It is shown that a large class of kernels allows for exact evaluation of the density estimates using simple recursions. The same methodology can be…

Computation · Statistics 2019-11-12 David P. Hofmeyr

We address counterfactual analysis in empirical models of games with partially identified parameters, and multiple equilibria and/or randomized strategies, by constructing and analyzing the counterfactual predictive distribution set (CPDS).…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-10-17 Brendan Kline , Elie Tamer

We present a new method for evaluating and training unnormalized density models. Our approach only requires access to the gradient of the unnormalized model's log-density. We estimate the Stein discrepancy between the data density $p(x)$…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-17 Will Grathwohl , Kuan-Chieh Wang , Jorn-Henrik Jacobsen , David Duvenaud , Richard Zemel

Counterfactual explanations play an important role in detecting bias and improving the explainability of data-driven classification models. A counterfactual explanation (CE) is a minimal perturbed data point for which the decision of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Donato Maragno , Jannis Kurtz , Tabea E. Röber , Rob Goedhart , Ş. Ilker Birbil , Dick den Hertog

We leverage diffusion models to study the robustness-performance tradeoff of robust classifiers. Our approach introduces a simple, pretrained diffusion method to generate low-norm counterfactual examples (CEs): semantically altered data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Eric Yeats , Cameron Darwin , Eduardo Ortega , Frank Liu , Hai Li

Kernel Estimation provides an unbinned and non-parametric estimate of the probability density function from which a set of data is drawn. In the first section, after a brief discussion on parametric and non-parametric methods, the theory of…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2009-10-31 Kyle S. Cranmer

Counterfactual explanations have shown promising results as a post-hoc framework to make image classifiers more explainable. In this paper, we propose DiME, a method allowing the generation of counterfactual images using the recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Guillaume Jeanneret , Loïc Simon , Frédéric Jurie

Crowd counting is a fundamental problem in crowd analysis which is typically accomplished by estimating a crowd density map and summing over the density values. However, this approach suffers from background noise accumulation and loss of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Yasiru Ranasinghe , Nithin Gopalakrishnan Nair , Wele Gedara Chaminda Bandara , Vishal M. Patel

We propose two novel samplers to generate high-quality samples from a given (un-normalized) probability density. Motivated by the success of generative adversarial networks, we construct our samplers using deep neural networks that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-10 Tianyang Hu , Zixiang Chen , Hanxi Sun , Jincheng Bai , Mao Ye , Guang Cheng

Counterfactuals can explain classification decisions of neural networks in a human interpretable way. We propose a simple but effective method to generate such counterfactuals. More specifically, we perform a suitable diffeomorphic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski , Jan E. Gerken , Klaus-Robert Müller , Pan Kessel