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While the design of blind image quality assessment (IQA) algorithms has improved significantly, the distribution shift between the training and testing scenarios often leads to a poor performance of these methods at inference time. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Subhadeep Roy , Shankhanil Mitra , Soma Biswas , Rajiv Soundararajan

Test-time domain adaptation aims to adapt the model trained on source domains to unseen target domains using a few unlabeled images. Emerging research has shown that the label and domain information is separately embedded in the weight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Yanan Wu , Zhixiang Chi , Yang Wang , Konstantinos N. Plataniotis , Songhe Feng

Test-time augmentation (TTA) has become a promising approach for mitigating data sparsity in sequential recommendation by improving inference accuracy without requiring costly model retraining. However, existing TTA methods typically rely…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Xibo Li , Liang Zhang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims at adapting a model pre-trained on the labeled source domain to the unlabeled target domain. Existing methods usually focus on improving TTA performance under covariate shifts, while neglecting semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-10 Zhengqing Gao , Xu-Yao Zhang , Cheng-Lin Liu

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) aims at improving the generalization capability of a model trained on a source domain to perform well on a target domain for which no labeled data is available. In this paper, we consider the semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Teo Spadotto , Marco Toldo , Umberto Michieli , Pietro Zanuttigh

Test-time alignment (TTA) aims to adapt models to specific rewards during inference. However, existing methods tend to either under-optimise or over-optimise (reward hack) the target reward function. We propose Null-Text Test-Time Alignment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Taehoon Kim , Henry Gouk , Timothy Hospedales

This paper introduces a novel application of Test-Time Training (TTT) for Speech Enhancement, addressing the challenges posed by unpredictable noise conditions and domain shifts. This method combines a main speech enhancement task with a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Avishkar Behera , Riya Ann Easow , Venkatesh Parvathala , K. Sri Rama Murty

Test-time adaptation with pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs) has attracted increasing attention for tackling the issue of distribution shift during the test phase. While prior methods have shown effectiveness in addressing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Baoshun Tong , Kaiyu Song , Hanjiang Lai

An unresolved problem in Deep Learning is the ability of neural networks to cope with domain shifts during test-time, imposed by commonly fixing network parameters after training. Our proposed method Meta Test-Time Training (MT3), however,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Alexander Bartler , Andre Bühler , Felix Wiewel , Mario Döbler , Bin Yang

Recently, test-time adaptation has attracted wide interest in the context of vision-language models for image classification. However, to the best of our knowledge, the problem is completely overlooked in dense prediction tasks such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mehrdad Noori , David Osowiechi , Gustavo Adolfo Vargas Hakim , Ali Bahri , Moslem Yazdanpanah , Sahar Dastani , Farzad Beizaee , Ismail Ben Ayed , Christian Desrosiers

The performance of deep learning models depends heavily on test samples at runtime, and shifts from the training data distribution can significantly reduce accuracy. Test-time adaptation (TTA) addresses this by adapting models during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Michal Danilowski , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Abhirup Ghosh

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) methods are often computationally expensive, require a large amount of data for effective adaptation, or are brittle to hyperparameters. Based on a theoretical foundation of the geometry of the latent space, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Alexander Murphy , Michal Danilowski , Soumyajit Chatterjee , Abhirup Ghosh

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to adapt the source model to continually changing unlabeled target domains without access to the source data. Existing methods mainly focus on model-based adaptation in a self-training manner, such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yulu Gan , Yan Bai , Yihang Lou , Xianzheng Ma , Renrui Zhang , Nian Shi , Lin Luo

Vision Transformer (ViT) is becoming more popular in image processing. Specifically, we investigate the effectiveness of test-time adaptation (TTA) on ViT, a technique that has emerged to correct its prediction during test-time by itself.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Takeshi Kojima , Yutaka Matsuo , Yusuke Iwasawa

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) adapts pre-trained models using only unlabeled test streams, requiring real-time inference and update without access to source data. We propose StructuralTest-time Alignment of Gradients (STAG), a lightweight…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Juhyeon Shin , Yujin Oh , Jonghyun Lee , Saehyung Lee , Minjun Park , Dongjun Lee , Uiwon Hwang , Sungroh Yoon

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses distribution shifts during testing by adapting a pretrained model without access to source data. In this work, we propose a novel TTA approach for 3D point cloud classification, combining sampling…

Domain adaptation (DA) has drawn high interests for its capacity to adapt a model trained on labeled source data to perform well on unlabeled or weakly labeled target data from a different domain. Most common DA techniques require the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-04-09 Mathilde Bateson , Hoel Kervadec , Jose Dolz , Herve Lombaert , Ismail Ben Ayed

Adversarial learning baselines for domain adaptation (DA) approaches in the context of semantic segmentation are under explored in semi-supervised framework. These baselines involve solely the available labeled target samples in the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Marwa Kechaou , Mokhtar Z. Alaya , Romain Hérault , Gilles Gasso

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) aims to adapt pre-trained models to the target domain during testing. In reality, this adaptability can be influenced by multiple factors. Researchers have identified various challenging scenarios and developed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Chaoqun Du , Yulin Wang , Jiayi Guo , Yizeng Han , Jie Zhou , Gao Huang

Despite their success in various vision tasks, deep neural network architectures often underperform in out-of-distribution scenarios due to the difference between training and target domain style. To address this limitation, we introduce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Robin Gerster , Holger Caesar , Matthias Rapp , Alexander Wolpert , Michael Teutsch