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Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have recently received significant attention from the research community due to their promising performance in Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum computers (NISQ). However, VQAs run on parameterized…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-06 Zeyi Tao , Jindi Wu , Qi Xia , Qun Li

Classical optimization of parameterized quantum circuits is a widely studied methodology for the preparation of complex quantum states, as well as the solution of machine learning and optimization problems. However, it is well known that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-18 Abhinav Deshpande , Marcel Hinsche , Khadijeh Najafi , Kunal Sharma , Ryan Sweke , Christa Zoufal

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) have enabled a wide range of applications on near-term quantum devices. However, their scalability is fundamentally limited by barren plateaus, where the probability of encountering large gradients…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-22 Elias Zapusek , Ivan Rojkov , Florentin Reiter

The barren plateau phenomenon is one of the main obstacles to implementing variational quantum algorithms in the current generation of quantum processors. Here, we introduce a method capable of avoiding the barren plateau phenomenon in the…

Quantum generative modeling is a growing area of interest for industry-relevant applications. With the field still in its infancy, there are many competing techniques. This work is an attempt to systematically compare a broad range of these…

Hybrid quantum-classical computing relies heavily on Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) to tackle challenges in diverse fields like quantum chemistry and machine learning. However, VQAs face a critical limitation: the balance between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Jeihee Cho , Junyong Lee , Daniel Justice , Shiho Kim

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have demonstrated immense potential in synthesizing diverse and high-fidelity images. However, critical questions remain unanswered regarding how quantum principles might best enhance their…

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are widely applied in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum era and are expected to demonstrate quantum advantage. However, training VQAs faces difficulties, one of which is the so-called barren plateaus…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-07 Huan-Yu Liu , Tai-Ping Sun , Yu-Chun Wu , Yong-Jian Han , Guo-Ping Guo

Vanishing gradients can pose substantial obstacles for high-dimensional optimization problems. Here we consider energy minimization problems for quantum many-body systems with extensive Hamiltonians and finite-range interactions, which can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Thomas Barthel , Qiang Miao

Quantum machine learning has emerged as a promising utilization of near-term quantum computation devices. However, algorithmic classes such as variational quantum algorithms have been shown to suffer from barren plateaus due to vanishing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-23 Lukas Broers , Ludwig Mathey

In quantum computing, the variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are well suited for finding optimal combinations of things in specific applications ranging from chemistry all the way to finance. The training of VQAs with gradient descent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-06 Pinaki Sen , Amandeep Singh Bhatia , Kamalpreet Singh Bhangu , Ahmed Elbeltagi

Variational quantum algorithms represent a powerful approach for solving optimization problems on noisy quantum computers, with a broad spectrum of potential applications ranging from chemistry to machine learning. However, their…

Parameterized quantum circuits have been extensively used as the basis for machine learning models in regression, classification, and generative tasks. For supervised learning, their expressivity has been thoroughly investigated and several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-20 Alice Barthe , Michele Grossi , Sofia Vallecorsa , Jordi Tura , Vedran Dunjko

Barren-plateau results have established exponential gradient suppression as a widely cited obstacle to the scalability of variational quantum algorithms. When and whether these results extend to a given objective has been addressed through…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-22 Gordon Ma , Xiufan Li

Quantum machine learning has become an area of growing interest but has certain theoretical and hardware-specific limitations. Notably, the problem of vanishing gradients, or barren plateaus, renders the training impossible for circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-31 Mo Kordzanganeh , Pavel Sekatski , Leonid Fedichkin , Alexey Melnikov

Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) algorithms suffer from barren plateaus, where gradients vanish with system size and circuit depth. Although many mitigation strategies exist, their connection to convergence performance under different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-15 Mostafa Atallah , Nouhaila Innan , Muhammad Kashif , Muhammad Shafique

Ground state preparation is classically intractable for general Hamiltonians. On quantum devices, shallow parameterized circuits can be effectively trained to obtain short-range entangled states under the paradigm of variational quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-11 Hao-Kai Zhang , Shuo Liu , Shi-Xin Zhang

In the present noisy intermediate scale quantum computing era, there is a critical need to devise methods for the efficient implementation of gate-based variational quantum circuits. This ensures that a range of proposed applications can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-27 Ankit Kulshrestha , Xiaoyuan Liu , Hayato Ushijima-Mwesigwa , Bao Bach , Ilya Safro

Variational training of parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) underpins many workflows employed on near-term noisy intermediate scale quantum (NISQ) devices. It is a hybrid quantum-classical approach that minimizes an associated cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-10 Kathleen E. Hamilton , Emily Lynn , Raphael C. Pooser

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) may be a path to quantum advantage on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) computers. A natural question is whether noise on NISQ devices places fundamental limitations on VQA performance. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Samson Wang , Enrico Fontana , M. Cerezo , Kunal Sharma , Akira Sone , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles