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We summarize the potential impact that the European Union's new General Data Protection Regulation will have on the routine use of machine learning algorithms. Slated to take effect as law across the EU in 2018, it will restrict automated…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-25 Bryce Goodman , Seth Flaxman

The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) grants European users the right to access their data processed and stored by organizations. Although the GDPR contains requirements for data processing organizations (e.g.,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Daniela Pöhn , Nils Gruschka

Artificial intelligence is not only increasingly used in business and administration contexts, but a race for its regulation is also underway, with the EU spearheading the efforts. Contrary to existing literature, this article suggests,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Philipp Hacker , Johann Cordes , Janina Rochon

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European Union regulation that will replace the existing Data Protection Directive on 25 May 2018. The most significant change is a huge increase in the maximum fine that can be levied for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-09-18 John KC Kingston

Combining big data and machine learning algorithms, the power of automatic decision tools induces as much hope as fear. Many recently enacted European legislation (GDPR) and French laws attempt to regulate the use of these tools. Leaving…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2018-10-04 Philippe Besse , Celine Castets-Renard , Aurelien Garivier , Jean-Michel Loubes

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) came into effect in May 2018 and is designed to safeguard EU citizens' data privacy. The benefits of the regulation to consumers' rights and to regulators' powers are well known. The benefits to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-10-25 Gerard Buckley , Tristan Caulfield , Ingolf Becker

In the course of under a year, the European Commission has launched some of the most important regulatory proposals to date on platform governance. The Commission's goals behind cross-sectoral regulation of this sort include the protection…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Catalina Goanta , Thales Bertaglia , Adriana Iamnitchi

What constitutes a fair decision? This question is not only difficult for humans but becomes more challenging when Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are used. In light of discriminatory algorithmic behaviors, the EU has recently passed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Kristof Meding

The European Union's Artificial Intelligence Act aims to regulate manipulative and harmful uses of AI, but lacks precise definitions for key concepts. This paper provides technical recommendations to improve the Act's conceptual clarity and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-01 Matija Franklin , Philip Moreira Tomei , Rebecca Gorman

In April 2021, the European Commission proposed a Regulation on Artificial Intelligence, known as the AI Act. We present an overview of the Act and analyse its implications, drawing on scholarship ranging from the study of contemporary AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Michael Veale , Frederik Zuiderveen Borgesius

In the European Union, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides comprehensive rules for the processing of personal data. In addition, the EU lawmaker intends to adopt specific rules to protect confidentiality of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius , Wilfred Steenbruggen

Computational Law has begun taking the role in society which has been predicted for some time. Automated decision-making and systems which assist users are now used in various jurisdictions, but with this maturity come certain caveats.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-07-04 Kaspar Rosager Ludvigsen , Shishir Nagaraja , Angela Daly

Big data has become a great asset for many organizations, promising improved operations and new business opportunities. However, big data has increased access to sensitive information that when processed can directly jeopardize the privacy…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Nils Gruschka , Vasileios Mavroeidis , Kamer Vishi , Meiko Jensen

In Europe and indeed worldwide, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provides protection to individuals regarding their personal data in the face of new technological developments. GDPR is widely viewed as the benchmark for data…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Damiano Torre , Mauricio Alferez , Ghanem Soltana , Mehrdad Sabetzadeh , Lionel Briand

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is considered as the benchmark in the European Union (EU) for privacy and data protection standards. Since before its entry into force in 2018, substantial research has been conducted in the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Orlando Amaral Cejas , Nicolas Sannier , Sallam Abualhaija , Marcello Ceci , Domenico Bianculli

Personal data has emerged as a highly valuable yet sensitive asset that drives business decisions, enables targeted advertising, and generates substantial revenue for companies, while simultaneously facilitating invasive monitoring of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shantanu Sharma , Ethan Myers , Lorenzo De Carli , Ritwik Banerjee , Indrakshi Ray

Concerns regarding unfairness and discrimination in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) systems have recently received increased attention from both legal and computer science scholars. Yet, the degree of overlap between notions of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Hilde Weerts , Raphaële Xenidis , Fabien Tarissan , Henrik Palmer Olsen , Mykola Pechenizkiy

The recent European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other data protection regulations restrict the processing of some categories of personal data (health, political orientation, sexual preferences, religious beliefs, ethnic…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-01-21 Ángel Cuevas , José González Cabañas , Aritz Arrate , Rubén Cuevas

EU Directive 95/46/EC and the upcoming EU General Data Protection Regulation grant Europeans the right of access to data pertaining to them. Consumers can approach their service providers to obtain all personal data stored and processed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-04-12 Dominik Herrmann , Jens Lindemann

The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) went into effect on May 25, 2018. Its privacy regulations apply to any service and company collecting or processing personal data in Europe. Many companies had to adjust their…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-06-26 Martin Degeling , Christine Utz , Christopher Lentzsch , Henry Hosseini , Florian Schaub , Thorsten Holz