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The release of nuPlan marks a new era in vehicle motion planning research, offering the first large-scale real-world dataset and evaluation schemes requiring both precise short-term planning and long-horizon ego-forecasting. Existing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-03 Daniel Dauner , Marcel Hallgarten , Andreas Geiger , Kashyap Chitta

We present PLUTO, a powerful framework that pushes the limit of imitation learning-based planning for autonomous driving. Our improvements stem from three pivotal aspects: a longitudinal-lateral aware model architecture that enables…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Jie Cheng , Yingbing Chen , Qifeng Chen

Real-world autonomous driving systems must make safe decisions in the face of rare and diverse traffic scenarios. Current state-of-the-art planners are mostly evaluated on real-world datasets like nuScenes (open-loop) or nuPlan…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Marcel Hallgarten , Julian Zapata , Martin Stoll , Katrin Renz , Andreas Zell

Machine Learning (ML) has replaced traditional handcrafted methods for perception and prediction in autonomous vehicles. Yet for the equally important planning task, the adoption of ML-based techniques is slow. We present nuPlan, the…

Recent advances in closed-loop planning benchmarks have significantly improved the evaluation of autonomous vehicles. However, existing benchmarks still rely on rule-based reactive agents such as the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM), which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mingxing Peng , Ruoyu Yao , Xusen Guo , Jun Ma

Machine learning (ML)-based planners have recently gained significant attention. They offer advantages over traditional optimization-based planning algorithms. These advantages include fewer manually selected parameters and faster…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Hui Zhou , Shaoshuai Shi , Hongsheng Li

In this work, we propose the world's first closed-loop ML-based planning benchmark for autonomous driving. While there is a growing body of ML-based motion planners, the lack of established datasets and metrics has limited the progress in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Holger Caesar , Juraj Kabzan , Kok Seang Tan , Whye Kit Fong , Eric Wolff , Alex Lang , Luke Fletcher , Oscar Beijbom , Sammy Omari

With the release of open source datasets such as nuPlan and Argoverse, the research around learning-based planners has spread a lot in the last years. Existing systems have shown excellent capabilities in imitating the human driver…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Cristian Gariboldi , Matteo Corno , Beng Jin

Motion planning is crucial for safe navigation in complex urban environments. Historically, motion planners (MPs) have been evaluated with procedurally-generated simulators like CARLA. However, such synthetic benchmarks do not capture…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Arun Balajee Vasudevan , Neehar Peri , Jeff Schneider , Deva Ramanan

Planner evaluation in closed-loop simulation often uses rule-based traffic agents, whose simplistic and passive behavior can hide planner deficiencies and bias rankings. Widely used IDM agents simply follow a lead vehicle and cannot react…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Steffen Hagedorn , Luka Donkov , Aron Distelzweig , Alexandru P. Condurache

In recent years, the integration of prediction and planning through neural networks has received substantial attention. Despite extensive studies on it, there is a noticeable gap in understanding the operation of such models within a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jiayu Guo , Mingyue Feng , Pengfei Zhu , Chengjun Li , Jian Pu

Motion planning is a critical module in autonomous driving, with the primary challenge of uncertainty caused by interactions with other participants. As most previous methods treat prediction and planning as separate tasks, it is difficult…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Xiaolei Chen , Junchi Yan , Wenlong Liao , Tao He , Pai Peng

Imitation learning based planning tasks on the nuPlan dataset have gained great interest due to their potential to generate human-like driving behaviors. However, open-loop training on the nuPlan dataset tends to cause causal confusion…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Junrui Zhang , Chenjie Wang , Jie Peng , Haoyu Li , Jianmin Ji , Yu Zhang , Yanyong Zhang

Decision-making and planning in autonomous driving critically reflect the safety of the system, making effective planning imperative. Current imitation learning-based planning algorithms often merge historical trajectories with present…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Sheng Wang , Yao Tian , Xiaodong Mei , Ge Sun , Jie Cheng , Fulong Ma , Pedro V. Sander , Junwei Liang

Although planning is a crucial component of the autonomous driving stack, researchers have yet to develop robust planning algorithms that are capable of safely handling the diverse range of possible driving scenarios. Learning-based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-02 S P Sharan , Francesco Pittaluga , Vijay Kumar B G , Manmohan Chandraker

Achieving human-like driving behaviors in complex open-world environments is a critical challenge in autonomous driving. Contemporary learning-based planning approaches such as imitation learning methods often struggle to balance competing…

Achieving a proper balance between planning quality, safety and efficiency is a major challenge for autonomous driving. Optimisation-based motion planners are capable of producing safe, smooth and comfortable plans, but often at the cost of…

Diffusion-based planners have emerged as a promising approach for human-like trajectory generation in autonomous driving. Recent works incorporate reinforcement fine-tuning to enhance the robustness of diffusion planners through…

Modern motion planners for autonomous driving frequently use imitation learning (IL) to draw from expert driving logs. Although IL benefits from its ability to glean nuanced and multi-modal human driving behaviors from large datasets, the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Jay Patrikar , Sushant Veer , Apoorva Sharma , Marco Pavone , Sebastian Scherer

Modeling interactive driving behaviors in complex scenarios remains a fundamental challenge for autonomous driving planning. Learning-based approaches attempt to address this challenge with advanced generative models, removing the…

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