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Solving the AI alignment problem requires having clear, defensible values towards which AI systems can align. Currently, targets for alignment remain underspecified and do not seem to be built from a philosophically robust structure. We…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Betty Li Hou , Brian Patrick Green

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized the field of artificial intelligence, endowing it with sophisticated language understanding and generation capabilities. However, when faced with more complex and interconnected tasks that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Thorsten Händler

Developments in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), and particularly large language models (LLMs), have created a 'perfect storm' for observing 'sparks' of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) that are spurious. Like simpler models,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Patrick Altmeyer , Andrew M. Demetriou , Antony Bartlett , Cynthia C. S. Liem

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly exhibit \textbf{anthropomorphism} characteristics -- human-like qualities portrayed across their outlook, language, behavior, and reasoning functions. Such characteristics enable more intuitive and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Yunze Xiao , Lynnette Hui Xian Ng , Jiarui Liu , Mona T. Diab

In the field of Artificial (General) Intelligence (AI), the several recent advancements in Natural language processing (NLP) activities relying on Large Language Models (LLMs) have come to encourage the adoption of LLMs as scientific models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Evelina Leivada , Vittoria Dentella , Elliot Murphy

Large language models (LLMs) are foundational explorations to artificial general intelligence, yet their alignment with human values via instruction tuning and preference learning achieves only superficial compliance. Here, we demonstrate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jiawei Lian , Jianhong Pan , Lefan Wang , Yi Wang , Shaohui Mei , Lap-Pui Chau

The concept of openness in AI has so far been heavily inspired by the definition and community practice of open source software. This positions openness in AI as having positive connotations; it introduces assumptions of certain advantages,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Tamara Paris , AJung Moon , Jin Guo

This paper argues that Machine Learning (ML) algorithms must be educated. ML-trained algorithms moral decisions are ubiquitous in human society. Sometimes reverting the societal advances governments, NGOs and civil society have achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Susana Perez Blazquez , Inas Hipolito

The AI alignment problem comprises both technical and normative dimensions. While technical solutions focus on implementing normative constraints in AI systems, the normative problem concerns determining what these constraints should be.…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-29 André Steingrüber , Kevin Baum

Large-scale deployment of large language models (LLMs) in various applications, such as chatbots and virtual assistants, requires LLMs to be culturally sensitive to the user to ensure inclusivity. Culture has been widely studied in…

This article introduces an innovative architecture designed to declaratively combine Large Language Models (LLMs) with shared histories, and triggers to identify the most appropriate LLM for a given task. Our approach is general and…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Thierry Petit , Arnault Pachot , Claire Conan-Vrinat , Alexandre Dubarry

In this survey, we address the key challenges in Large Language Models (LLM) research, focusing on the importance of interpretability. Driven by increasing interest from AI and business sectors, we highlight the need for transparency in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Erik Cambria , Lorenzo Malandri , Fabio Mercorio , Navid Nobani , Andrea Seveso

This paper critically evaluates the attempts to align Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, especially Large Language Models (LLMs), with human values and intentions through Reinforcement Learning from Feedback (RLxF) methods, involving…

The project of aligning machine behavior with human values raises a basic problem: whose moral expectations should guide AI decision-making? Much alignment research assumes that the appropriate benchmark is how humans themselves would act…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Benjamin Minhao Chen , Xinyu Xie

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to model and augment collective decision-making, it is critical to examine their alignment with human social reasoning. We present an empirical framework for assessing collective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Crystal Qian , Aaron Parisi , Clémentine Bouleau , Vivian Tsai , Maël Lebreton , Lucas Dixon

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enabled human-like responses across various tasks, raising questions about their ethical decision-making capabilities and potential biases. This study systematically evaluates how nine…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Wentao Xu , Yile Yan , Yuqi Zhu

Instruction-tuning is a widely adopted finetuning method that enables large language models (LLMs) to generate output that more closely resembles human responses. However, no studies have shown that instruction-tuning actually teaches LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Khai Loong Aw , Syrielle Montariol , Badr AlKhamissi , Martin Schrimpf , Antoine Bosselut

AI-driven education, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs), has the potential to address learning disparities in rural K-12 schools. However, research on AI adoption in rural India remains limited, with existing studies focusing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Harshita Goyal , Garima Garg , Prisha Mordia , Veena Ramachandran , Dhruv Kumar , Jagat Sesh Challa

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has achieved remarkable success in logical reasoning tasks, yet whether large language model (LLM) alignment requires fundamentally different approaches remains unclear. Given the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhaowei Zhang , Xiaohan Liu , Xuekai Zhu , Junchao Huang , Ceyao Zhang , Zhiyuan Feng , Yaodong Yang , Xiaoyuan Yi , Xing Xie

Recent calls for pluralistic alignment emphasize that AI systems should address the diverse needs of all people. Yet, efforts in this space often require sorting people into fixed buckets of pre-specified diversity-defining dimensions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Liwei Jiang , Taylor Sorensen , Sydney Levine , Yejin Choi