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The increasing demand for privacy protection and security considerations leads to a significant rise in the proportion of encrypted network traffic. Since traffic content becomes unrecognizable after encryption, accurate analysis is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Di Zhao , Bo Jiang , Song Liu , Susu Cui , Meng Shen , Dongqi Han , Xingmao Guan , Zhigang Lu

Modeling network traffic is gaining importance in order to counter modern threats of ever increasing sophistication. It is though surprisingly difficult and costly to construct reliable classifiers on top of telemetry data due to the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Tomas Pevny , Petr Somol

Machine learning (ML) algorithms are remarkably good at approximating complex non-linear relationships. Most ML training processes, however, are designed to deliver ML tools with good average performance, but do not offer any guarantees…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Rahul Nellikkath , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Over past years, the manually methods to create detection rules were no longer practical in the anti-malware product since the number of malware threats has been growing. Thus, the turn to the machine learning approaches is a promising way…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-02 Khanh Huu The Dam , Charles-Henry Bertrand Van Ouytsel , Axel Legay

Network management often relies on machine learning to make predictions about performance and security from network traffic. Often, the representation of the traffic is as important as the choice of the model. The features that the model…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Francesco Bronzino , Paul Schmitt , Sara Ayoubi , Hyojoon Kim , Renata Teixeira , Nick Feamster

Using the data from loop detector sensors for near-real-time detection of traffic incidents in highways is crucial to averting major traffic congestion. While recent supervised machine learning methods offer solutions to incident detection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Yixuan Sun , Tanwi Mallick , Prasanna Balaprakash , Jane Macfarlane

As machine learning (ML) classifiers increasingly oversee the automated monitoring of network traffic, studying their resilience against adversarial attacks becomes critical. This paper focuses on poisoning attacks, specifically backdoor…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Giorgio Severi , Simona Boboila , Alina Oprea , John Holodnak , Kendra Kratkiewicz , Jason Matterer

Deep learning (DL) has been successfully applied to encrypted network traffic classification in experimental settings. However, in production use, it has been shown that a DL classifier's performance inevitably decays over time. Re-training…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Navid Malekghaini , Elham Akbari , Mohammad A. Salahuddin , Noura Limam , Raouf Boutaba , Bertrand Mathieu , Stephanie Moteau , Stephane Tuffin

Fine-grained identification of IDS-flagged suspicious traffic is crucial in cybersecurity. In practice, cyber threats evolve continuously, making the discovery of novel malicious traffic a critical necessity as well as the identification of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xiang Luo , Chang Liu , Gang Xiong , Chen Yang , Gaopeng Gou , Yaochen Ren , Zhen Li

Classifying network traffic is the basis for important network applications. Prior research in this area has faced challenges on the availability of representative datasets, and many of the results cannot be readily reproduced. Such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-29 Onur Barut , Yan Luo , Tong Zhang , Weigang Li , Peilong Li

Data contamination is a known threat to the reliability of model evaluation. However, it remains underexplored in code large language models (LLMs), where contamination often goes beyond exact duplication. We present TRACER, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yifeng Di , Xuliang Huang , Tianyi Zhang

Many machine learning systems rely on data collected in the wild from untrusted sources, exposing the learning algorithms to data poisoning. Attackers can inject malicious data in the training dataset to subvert the learning process,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-04 Andrea Paudice , Luis Muñoz-González , Emil C. Lupu

Spear Phishing is a harmful cyber-attack facing business and individuals worldwide. Considerable research has been conducted recently into the use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to detect spear-phishing emails. ML-based solutions may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Keelan Evans , Alsharif Abuadbba , Tingmin Wu , Kristen Moore , Mohiuddin Ahmed , Ganna Pogrebna , Surya Nepal , Mike Johnstone

Deep neural networks (DNNs) trained on large-scale datasets have exhibited significant performance in image classification. Many large-scale datasets are collected from websites, however they tend to contain inaccurate labels that are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-04-23 Daiki Tanaka , Daiki Ikami , Toshihiko Yamasaki , Kiyoharu Aizawa

The attention that deep learning has garnered from the academic community and industry continues to grow year over year, and it has been said that we are in a new golden age of artificial intelligence research. However, neural networks are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-17 Erick Galinkin

The rapid growth of encryption has significantly enhanced privacy and security while posing challenges for network traffic classification. Recent approaches address these challenges by transforming network traffic into text or image formats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Nimesha Wickramasinghe , Arash Shaghaghi , Elena Ferrari , Sanjay Jha

Cloud networks increasingly rely on machine learning based Network Intrusion Detection Systems to defend against evolving cyber threats. However, real-world deployments are challenged by limited labeled data, non-stationary traffic, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Anasuya Chattopadhyay , Daniel Reti , Hans D. Schotten

While pre-trained large models have achieved state-of-the-art performance in network traffic analysis, their prohibitive computational costs hinder deployment in real-time, throughput-sensitive network defense environments. This work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Jiajun Zhou , Changhui Sun , Meng Shen , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan

Malicious server (MS) attacks have enabled the scaling of data stealing in federated learning to large batch sizes and secure aggregation, settings previously considered private. However, many concerns regarding the client-side…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Kostadin Garov , Dimitar I. Dimitrov , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Internet traffic classification is widely used to facilitate network management. It plays a crucial role in Quality of Services (QoS), Quality of Experience (QoE), network visibility, intrusion detection, and traffic trend analyses. While…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-17 Adi Lichy , Ofek Bader , Ran Dubin , Amit Dvir , Chen Hajaj