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Encrypted traffic classification faces growing challenges as encryption renders traditional deep packet inspection ineffective. This study addresses binary VPN detection, distinguishing VPN-encrypted from non-VPN traffic using wavelet…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Yasameen Sajid Razooqi , Adrian Pekar

State of the art deep learning techniques are known to be vulnerable to evasion attacks where an adversarial sample is generated from a malign sample and misclassified as benign. Detection of encrypted malware command and control traffic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-10 Carlos Novo , Ricardo Morla

The uses of Machine Learning (ML) in detection of network attacks have been effective when designed and evaluated in a single organisation. However, it has been very challenging to design an ML-based detection system by utilising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-12 Mohanad Sarhan , Siamak Layeghy , Nour Moustafa , Marius Portmann

In this paper, we present an adaptive framework designed for the continuous detection, identification and classification of emerging attacks in network traffic. The framework employs a transformer encoder architecture, which captures hidden…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Frederic Adjewa , Moez Esseghir , Leila Merghem-Boulahia

In a backdoor attack, an adversary injects corrupted data into a model's training dataset in order to gain control over its predictions on images with a specific attacker-defined trigger. A typical corrupted training example requires…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Rishi D. Jha , Jonathan Hayase , Sewoong Oh

With the increase of IoT devices and technologies coming into service, Malware has risen as a challenging threat with increased infection rates and levels of sophistication. Without strong security mechanisms, a huge amount of sensitive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Gueltoum Bendiab , Stavros Shiaeles , Abdulrahman Alruban , Nicholas Kolokotronis

The quality of underlying training data is very crucial for building performant machine learning models with wider generalizabilty. However, current machine learning (ML) tools lack streamlined processes for improving the data quality. So,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-16 Atindriyo Sanyal , Vikram Chatterji , Nidhi Vyas , Ben Epstein , Nikita Demir , Anthony Corletti

Deep learning has emerged as a powerful approach for malware detection, demonstrating impressive accuracy across various data representations. However, these models face critical limitations in real-world, non-stationary environments where…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Pawan Acharya , Lan Zhang

This paper intends to detect IoT malicious attacks through deep learning models and demonstrates a comprehensive evaluation of the deep learning and graph-based models regarding malicious network traffic detection. The models particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Nikesh Prajapati , Bimal Karki , Saroj Gopali , Akbar Siami Namin

With the rapid technological advancements, organizations need to rapidly scale up their information technology (IT) infrastructure viz. hardware, software, and services, at a low cost. However, the dynamic growth in the network services and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Mahmoud Said Elsayed , Nhien-An Le-Khac , Soumyabrata Dev , Anca Delia Jurcut

This paper proposes using the Linux kernel ftrace framework, particularly the function graph tracer, to generate informative system level data for machine learning (ML) applications. Experiments on a real world encryption detection task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Kenan Begovic , Abdulaziz Al-Ali , Qutaibah Malluhi

Deep neural networks have established as a powerful tool for large scale supervised classification tasks. The state-of-the-art performances of deep neural networks are conditioned to the availability of large number of accurately labeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Bharath Bhushan Damodaran , Rémi Flamary , Viven Seguy , Nicolas Courty

Encryption has been commonly used in network traffic to secure transmission, but it also brings challenges for malicious traffic detection, due to the invisibility of the packet payload. Graph-based methods are emerging as promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yunpeng Tan , Qingyang Li , Mingxin Yang , Yannan Hu , Lei Zhang , Xinggong Zhang

Cybersecurity is essential, and attacks are rapidly growing and getting more challenging to detect. The traditional Firewall and Intrusion Detection system, even though it is widely used and recommended but it fails to detect new attacks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-17 Mustafa Sakhai , Maciej Wielgosz

Cybersecurity remains a critical challenge in the digital age, with network traffic flow anomaly detection being a key pivotal instrument in the fight against cyber threats. In this study, we address the prevalent issue of data integrity in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Adrian Pekar , Richard Jozsa

Machine Learning (ML)-based detectors are becoming essential to counter the proliferation of malware. However, common ML algorithms are not designed to cope with the dynamic nature of real-world settings, where both legitimate and malicious…

Internet traffic classification plays a key role in network visibility, Quality of Services (QoS), intrusion detection, Quality of Experience (QoE) and traffic-trend analyses. In order to improve privacy, integrity, confidentiality, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Ofek Bader , Adi Lichy , Amit Dvir , Ran Dubin , Chen Hajaj

Tor is a widely used anonymity network that conceals user identities by routing traffic through encrypted relays, yet it remains vulnerable to traffic correlation attacks that deanonymize users by matching patterns in ingress and egress…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Binghui Wu , Dinil Mon Divakaran , Levente Csikor , Mohan Gurusamy

Malicious traffic detectors leveraging machine learning (ML), namely those incorporating deep learning techniques, exhibit impressive detection capabilities across multiple attacks. However, their effectiveness becomes compromised when…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-03-28 João Romeiras Amado , Francisco Pereira , David Pissarra , Salvatore Signorello , Miguel Correia , Fernando M. V. Ramos

The design and evaluation of data-driven network intrusion detection methods are currently held back by a lack of adequate data, both in terms of benign and attack traffic. Existing datasets are mostly gathered in isolated lab environments…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Henry Clausen , Robert Flood , David Aspinall