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Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods are widely applied in weakly supervised learning tasks due to their ability to highlight object regions. However, conventional CAM methods highlight only the most discriminative regions of the target.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Qingdong Cai , Charith Abhayaratne

Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) relaxes the requirement of dense annotations for object localization by using image-level classification masks to supervise its learning process. However, current WSOL methods suffer from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-12-30 Lei Zhu , Qi She , Qian Chen , Xiangxi Meng , Mufeng Geng , Lujia Jin , Zhe Jiang , Bin Qiu , Yunfei You , Yibao Zhang , Qiushi Ren , Yanye Lu

Classification activation map (CAM), utilizing the classification structure to generate pixel-wise localization maps, is a crucial mechanism for weakly supervised object localization (WSOL). However, CAM directly uses the classifier trained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Lei Zhu , Qian Chen , Lujia Jin , Yunfei You , Yanye Lu

Weakly Supervised Object Localization (WSOL) aims to localize objects with image-level supervision. Existing works mainly rely on Class Activation Mapping (CAM) derived from a classification model. However, CAM-based methods usually focus…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Jilan Xu , Junlin Hou , Yuejie Zhang , Rui Feng , Rui-Wei Zhao , Tao Zhang , Xuequan Lu , Shang Gao

Deep learning opacity often impedes deployment in high-stakes domains. We propose a training framework that aligns model focus with class-representative features without requiring pixel-level annotations. To this end, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Giacomo Ignesti , Davide Moroni , Massimo Martinelli

Class Activation Mapping (CAM) and its gradient-based variants (e.g., GradCAM) have become standard tools for explaining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) predictions. However, these approaches typically focus on individual logits, while…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Jacob Piland , Chris Sweet , Adam Czajka

Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS) addresses the challenge of training segmentation models using only image-level annotations. Existing WSSS methods struggle with precise object boundary localization and focus only on the most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Ali Torabi , Sanjog Gaihre , MD Mahbubur Rahman , Yaqoob Majeed

Interpretation of deep learning remains a very challenging problem. Although the Class Activation Map (CAM) is widely used to interpret deep model predictions by highlighting object location, it fails to provide insight into the salient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Juan Zhang , Xuan Gong , Baochang Zhang

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is arguably the most standard step of generating pseudo masks for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). Yet, we find that the crux of the unsatisfactory pseudo masks is the binary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-03 Zhaozheng Chen , Tan Wang , Xiongwei Wu , Xian-Sheng Hua , Hanwang Zhang , Qianru Sun

Weakly supervised object localization has recently attracted attention since it aims to identify both class labels and locations of objects by using image-level labels. Most previous methods utilize the activation map corresponding to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-20 Seunghan Yang , Yoonhyung Kim , Youngeun Kim , Changick Kim

While class activation map (CAM) generated by image classification network has been widely used for weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) and semantic segmentation (WSSS), such classifiers usually focus on discriminative object…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-23 Jinheng Xie , Jianfeng Xiang , Junliang Chen , Xianxu Hou , Xiaodong Zhao , Linlin Shen

Interpreting complex deep networks, notably pre-trained vision-language models (VLMs), is a formidable challenge. Current Class Activation Map (CAM) methods highlight regions revealing the model's decision-making basis but lack clear…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-30 Yuguang Yang , Runtang Guo , Sheng Wu , Yimi Wang , Linlin Yang , Bo Fan , Jilong Zhong , Juan Zhang , Baochang Zhang

Extracting class activation maps (CAM) is a key step for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS). The CAM of convolution neural networks fails to capture long-range feature dependency on the image and result in the coverage on only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Jianqiang Huang , Jian Wang , Qianru Sun , Hanwang Zhang

Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation (WSSS) with image-level labels has long been suffering from fragmentary object regions led by Class Activation Map (CAM), which is incapable of generating fine-grained masks for semantic segmentation.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Jiren Mai , Fei Zhang , Junjie Ye , Marcus Kalander , Xian Zhang , WanKou Yang , Tongliang Liu , Bo Han

Classification networks can be used to localize and segment objects in images by means of class activation maps (CAMs). However, without pixel-level annotations, classification networks are known to (1) mainly focus on discriminative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-05 Arvi Jonnarth , Michael Felsberg

Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) aims to bypass the need for laborious pixel-level annotation by using only image-level annotation. Most existing methods rely on Class Activation Maps (CAM) to derive pixel-level pseudo-labels…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Tianle Chen , Zheda Mai , Ruiwen Li , Wei-lun Chao

Weakly supervised video object localization (WSVOL) allows locating object in videos using only global video tags such as object class. State-of-art methods rely on multiple independent stages, where initial spatio-temporal proposals are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Soufiane Belharbi , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger

Decisions made by convolutional neural networks(CNN) can be understood and explained by visualizing discriminative regions on images. To this end, Class Activation Map (CAM) based methods were proposed as powerful interpretation tools,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Yi Liao , Yongsheng Gao , Weichuan Zhang

Weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL) enables finding an object using a dataset without any localization information. By simply training a classification model using only image-level annotations, the feature map of the model can be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-29 Jeesoo Kim , Junsuk Choe , Sangdoo Yun , Nojun Kwak

Leveraging spatiotemporal information in videos is critical for weakly supervised video object localization (WSVOL) tasks. However, state-of-the-art methods only rely on visual and motion cues, while discarding discriminative information,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Soufiane Belharbi , Shakeeb Murtaza , Marco Pedersoli , Ismail Ben Ayed , Luke McCaffrey , Eric Granger
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