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Weakly supervised methods, such as class activation maps (CAM) based, have been applied to achieve bleeding segmentation with low annotation efforts in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) images. However, the CAM labels tend to be extremely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-11 Fan Bai , Xiaohan Xing , Yutian Shen , Han Ma , Max Q. -H. Meng

As deep learning continues to advance, the transparency of neural network decision-making remains a critical challenge, limiting trust and applicability in high-stakes domains. Class Activation Mapping (CAM) techniques have emerged as a key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Hongjie He , Xu Pan , Yudong Yao

We present a two-stage learning framework for weakly supervised object localization (WSOL). While most previous efforts rely on high-level feature based CAMs (Class Activation Maps), this paper proposes to localize objects using the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Jinheng Xie , Cheng Luo , Xiangping Zhu , Ziqi Jin , Weizeng Lu , Linlin Shen

Weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) is introduced to narrow the gap for semantic segmentation performance from pixel-level supervision to image-level supervision. Most advanced approaches are based on class activation maps (CAMs)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-24 Sanghyun Jo , In-Jae Yu

Weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) has recently gained much attention for its promise to train segmentation models only with image-level labels. Existing WSSS methods commonly argue that the sparse coverage of CAM incurs the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Minhyun Lee , Dongseob Kim , Hyunjung Shim

Weakly Supervised Object Localization (WSOL), which aims to localize objects by only using image-level labels, has attracted much attention because of its low annotation cost in real applications. Current studies focus on the Class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Xi Yang , Songsong Duan , Nannan Wang , Xinbo Gao

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used for brain tumor segmentation, which is critical for patient evaluation and treatment planning. To reduce the labor and expertise required for labeling, weakly-supervised semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Yu-Jen Chen , Xinrong Hu , Yiyu Shi , Tsung-Yi Ho

Class activation maps (CAMs) are commonly employed in weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) to produce pseudo-labels. Due to incomplete or excessive class activation, existing studies often resort to offline CAM refinement,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-11 Xinyu Yang , Hossein Rahmani , Sue Black , Bryan M. Williams

The black-box nature of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) severely hinders its performance improvement and application in specific scenes. In recent years, class activation mapping-based method has been widely used to interpret the internal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Chunyan Zeng , Kang Yan , Zhifeng Wang , Yan Yu , Shiyan Xia , Nan Zhao

Image-level weakly-supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) reduces the usually vast data annotation cost by surrogate segmentation masks during training. The typical approach involves training an image classification network using global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Arvi Jonnarth , Yushan Zhang , Michael Felsberg

Weakly supervised object localization (WSOL) aims to localize objects by only utilizing image-level labels. Class activation maps (CAMs) are the commonly used features to achieve WSOL. However, previous CAM-based methods did not take full…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Jun Wei , Qin Wang , Zhen Li , Sheng Wang , S. Kevin Zhou , Shuguang Cui

The gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) method can faithfully highlight important regions in images for deep model prediction in image classification, image captioning and many other tasks. It uses the gradients in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-01-22 Lei Chen , Jianhui Chen , Hossein Hajimirsadeghi , Greg Mori

The convolutional neural network (CNN) has become a powerful tool for various biomedical image analysis tasks, but there is a lack of visual explanation for the machinery of CNNs. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-08 Guannan Zhao , Bo Zhou , Kaiwen Wang , Rui Jiang , Min Xu

Weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) with only image-level supervision is a challenging task. Most existing methods exploit Class Activation Maps (CAM) to generate pixel-level pseudo labels for supervised training. However, due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Ruiwen Li , Zheda Mai , Chiheb Trabelsi , Zhibo Zhang , Jongseong Jang , Scott Sanner

The need for clear, trustworthy explanations of deep learning model predictions is essential for high-criticality fields, such as medicine and biometric identification. Class Activation Maps (CAMs) are an increasingly popular category of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Emily Kaczmarek , Olivier X. Miguel , Alexa C. Bowie , Robin Ducharme , Alysha L. J. Dingwall-Harvey , Steven Hawken , Christine M. Armour , Mark C. Walker , Kevin Dick

While remarkable success has been achieved in weakly-supervised object localization (WSOL), current frameworks are not capable of locating objects of novel categories in open-world settings. To address this issue, we are the first to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-20 Jinheng Xie , Zhaochuan Luo , Yuexiang Li , Haozhe Liu , Linlin Shen , Mike Zheng Shou

Most weakly supervised semantic segmentation (WSSS) methods follow the pipeline that generates pseudo-masks initially and trains the segmentation model with the pseudo-masks in fully supervised manner after. However, we find some matters…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-09-08 Yi Li , Zhanghui Kuang , Liyang Liu , Yimin Chen , Wayne Zhang

Interpreting the decision-making process of deep convolutional neural networks remains a central challenge in achieving trustworthy and transparent artificial intelligence. Explainable AI (XAI) techniques, particularly Class Activation Map…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Hajar Dekdegue , Moncef Garouani , Josiane Mothe , Jordan Bernigaud

To visualize the regions of interest that classifiers base their decisions on, different Class Activation Mapping (CAM) methods have been developed. However, all of these techniques target categorical classifiers only, though most…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Xinyi Zhang , Johanna Sophie Bieri , Manuel Günther

Generating precise class-aware pseudo ground-truths, a.k.a, class activation maps (CAMs), is essential for weakly-supervised semantic segmentation. The original CAM method usually produces incomplete and inaccurate localization maps. To…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Jinlong Li , Zequn Jie , Xu Wang , Xiaolin Wei , Lin Ma