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Implicit hate speech has recently emerged as a critical challenge for social media platforms. While much of the research has traditionally focused on harmful speech in general, the need for generalizable techniques to detect veiled and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Saad Almohaimeed , Saleh Almohaimeed , Damla Turgut , Ladislau Bölöni

Counterspeech offers direct rebuttals to hateful speech by challenging perpetrators of hate and showing support to targets of abuse. It provides a promising alternative to more contentious measures, such as content moderation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Yi-Ling Chung , Gavin Abercrombie , Florence Enock , Jonathan Bright , Verena Rieser

Hate speech detection is a crucial task, especially on social media, where harmful content can spread quickly. Implementing machine learning models to automatically identify and address hate speech is essential for mitigating its impact and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Somaiyeh Dehghan , Mehmet Umut Sen , Berrin Yanikoglu

Hate speech represents a pervasive and detrimental form of online discourse, often manifested through an array of slurs, from hateful tweets to defamatory posts. As such speech proliferates, it connects people globally and poses significant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Paloma Piot , Patricia Martín-Rodilla , Javier Parapar

Hate speech detection has become a hot topic in recent years due to the exponential growth of offensive language in social media. It has proven that, state-of-the-art hate speech classifiers are efficient only when tested on the data with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-06 Hadi Mansourifar , Dana Alsagheer , Weidong Shi , Lan Ni , Yan Huang

Hate speech detection is key to online content moderation, but current models struggle to generalise beyond their training data. This has been linked to dataset biases and the use of sentence-level labels, which fail to teach models the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Agostina Calabrese , Tom Sherborne , Björn Ross , Mirella Lapata

Learning to rank is an important task that has been successfully deployed in many real-world information retrieval systems. Most existing methods compute relevance judgments of documents independently, without holistically considering the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Shuo Sun , Kevin Duh

Building a benchmark dataset for hate speech detection presents various challenges. Firstly, because hate speech is relatively rare, random sampling of tweets to annotate is very inefficient in finding hate speech. To address this, prior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-11 Md Mustafizur Rahman , Dinesh Balakrishnan , Dhiraj Murthy , Mucahid Kutlu , Matthew Lease

With the exponential rise in user-generated web content on social media, the proliferation of abusive languages towards an individual or a group across the different sections of the internet is also rapidly increasing. It is very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Prashant Kapil , Asif Ekbal

Detecting hate speech in memes is challenging due to their multimodal nature and subtle, culturally grounded cues such as sarcasm and context. While recent vision-language models (VLMs) enable joint reasoning over text and images,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Ivo Bueno , Lea Hirlimann , Enkelejda Kasneci

AI-generated counterspeech offers a promising and scalable strategy to curb online toxicity through direct replies that promote civil discourse. However, current counterspeech is one-size-fits-all, lacking adaptation to the moderation…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Lorenzo Cima , Alessio Miaschi , Amaury Trujillo , Marco Avvenuti , Felice Dell'Orletta , Stefano Cresci

Counterspeech is a key strategy against harmful online content, but scaling expert-driven efforts is challenging. Large Language Models (LLMs) present a potential solution, though their use in countering conspiracy theories is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Mareike Lisker , Christina Gottschalk , Helena Mihaljević

Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly important for machine learning applications. However, it can be challenging to align LLMs with our intent, particularly when we want to generate content that is preferable over others…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Xiang Gao , Kamalika Das

Pretrained language models based on Transformer architecture are the reason for recent breakthroughs in many areas of NLP, including sentiment analysis, question answering, named entity recognition. Headline generation is a special kind of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Alexey Bukhtiyarov , Ilya Gusev

Sentiment analysis focuses on identifying the emotional polarity expressed in textual data, typically categorized as positive, negative, or neutral. Hate speech detection, on the other hand, aims to recognize content that incites violence,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Meysam Shirdel Bilehsavar , Negin Mahmoudi , Mohammad Jalili Torkamani , Kiana Kiashemshaki

Generating unbiased summaries in real-world settings such as political perspective summarization remains a crucial application of Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet, existing evaluation frameworks rely on traditional metrics for measuring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Narutatsu Ri , Nicholas Deas , Kathleen McKeown

Hate speech is a global phenomenon, but most hate speech datasets so far focus on English-language content. This hinders the development of more effective hate speech detection models in hundreds of languages spoken by billions across the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-21 Paul Röttger , Debora Nozza , Federico Bianchi , Dirk Hovy

With the proliferation of social media, accurate detection of hate speech has become critical to ensure safety online. To combat nuanced forms of hate speech, it is important to identify and thoroughly explain hate speech to help users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Yongjin Yang , Joonkee Kim , Yujin Kim , Namgyu Ho , James Thorne , Se-young Yun

While large language models (LLMs) have increasingly been applied to hate speech detoxification, the prompts often trigger safety alerts, causing LLMs to refuse the task. In this study, we systematically investigate false refusal behavior…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Kyuri Im , Shuzhou Yuan , Michael Färber

This paper proposes a novel approach to evaluate Counter Narrative (CN) generation using a Large Language Model (LLM) as an evaluator. We show that traditional automatic metrics correlate poorly with human judgements and fail to capture the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Irune Zubiaga , Aitor Soroa , Rodrigo Agerri
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