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With the continuous expansion of blockchain application scenarios, consortium chains have raised higher performance and security requirements for consensus mechanisms. Unlike public blockchains, consortium chains typically implement an…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Wen Gao , Xinhong Hei , Yichuan Wang

Most of the Blockchain permissioned systems employ Byzantine fault-tolerance (BFT) consensus protocols to ensure that honest validators agree on the order for appending entries to their ledgers. In this paper, we study the performance and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Salem Alqahtani , Murat Demirbas

Fault-tolerant distributed systems move the trust in a single party to a majority of parties participating in the protocol. This makes blockchain based crypto-currencies possible: they allow parties to agree on a total order of transactions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Søren Eller Thomsen , Bas Spitters

The performance of partially synchronous BFT-based consensus protocols is highly dependent on the primary node. All participant nodes in the network are blocked until they receive a proposal from the primary node to begin the consensus…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Mohammad M. Jalalzai , Chen Feng , Costas Busch , Golden G. Richard , Jianyu Niu

Blockchain protocols differ in fundamental ways, including the mechanics of selecting users to produce blocks (e.g., proof-of-work vs. proof-of-stake) and the method to establish consensus (e.g., longest chain rules vs. Byzantine…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Andrew Lewis-Pye , Tim Roughgarden

Accountability, the ability to provably identify protocol violators, gained prominence as the main economic argument for the security of proof-of-stake (PoS) protocols. Rollups, the most popular scaling solution for blockchains, typically…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ertem Nusret Tas , John Adler , Mustafa Al-Bassam , Ismail Khoffi , David Tse , Nima Vaziri

We introduce Casper, a proof of stake-based finality system which overlays an existing proof of work blockchain. Casper is a partial consensus mechanism combining proof of stake algorithm research and Byzantine fault tolerant consensus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-23 Vitalik Buterin , Virgil Griffith

We investigate automated model-checking of the Ethereum specification, focusing on the Accountable Safety property of the 3SF consensus protocol. We select 3SF due to its relevance and the unique challenges it poses for formal verification.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Igor Konnov , Jure Kukovec , Thomas Pani , Roberto Saltini , Thanh Hai Tran

A proof of the security of the Bitcoin protocol is made rigorous, and simplified in certain parts. A computational model in which an adversary can delay transmission of blocks by time $\Delta$ is considered. The protocol is generalized to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Christopher Blake , Chen Feng , Xuechao Wang , Qianyu Yu

Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols for dynamically available systems face a critical challenge: balancing latency and security in fluctuating node participation. Existing solutions often require multiple rounds of voting per…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Pengkun Ren , Hai Dong , Zahir Tari , Pengcheng Zhang

In May 2023, the Ethereum blockchain experienced its first inactivity leak, a mechanism designed to reinstate chain finalization amid persistent network disruptions. This mechanism aims to reduce the voting power of validators who are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Ulysse Pavloff , Yackolley Amoussou-Genou , Sara Tucci-Piergiovanni

Decentralized systems built around blockchain technology promise clients an immutable ledger. They add a transaction to the ledger after it undergoes consensus among the replicas that run a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) or Byzantine Fault-Tolerant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Junchao Chen , Suyash Gupta , Alberto Sonnino , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias , Mohammad Sadoghi

With the rapid development of blockchain, Byzantine fault-tolerant protocols have attracted revived interest recently. To overcome the theoretical bounds of Byzantine fault tolerance, many protocols attempt to use Trusted Execution…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-07 Jiashuo Zhang , Jianbo Gao , Ke Wang , Zhenhao Wu , Ying Lan , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

This paper presents TetraBFT, a novel unauthenticated Byzantine fault tolerant protocol for solving consensus in partial synchrony, eliminating the need for public key cryptography and ensuring resilience against computationally unbounded…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Qianyu Yu , Giuliano Losa , Xuechao Wang

Fault-tolerant consensus has been studied extensively in the literature, because it is one of the most important distributed primitives and has wide applications in practice. This paper surveys important results on fault-tolerant consensus…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-08-30 Lewis Tseng

Consensus is a fundamental building block for constructing reliable and fault-tolerant distributed services. Many Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus protocols designed for partially synchronous systems adopt a pessimistic approach when…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Diogo Avelãs , Hasan Heydari , Eduardo Alchieri , Tobias Distler , Alysson Bessani

Consensus protocols play a pivotal role to balance security and efficiency in blockchain systems. In this paper, we propose an evaluation framework for blockchain consensus protocols termed as AlphaBlock. In this framework, we compare the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Haitao Xiang , Zhijie Ren , Ziheng Zhou , Ning Wang , Hanqing Jin

The growing interest in reliable multi-party applications has fostered widespread adoption of Byzantine Fault-Tolerant (BFT) consensus protocols. Existing BFT protocols need f more replicas than Paxos-style protocols to prevent equivocation…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Suyash Gupta , Sajjad Rahnama , Shubham Pandey , Natacha Crooks , Mohammad Sadoghi

Trust is the basis of any distributed, fault-tolerant, or secure system. A trust assumption specifies the failures that a system, such as a blockchain network, can tolerate and determines the conditions under which it operates correctly. In…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-07-26 Orestis Alpos , Christian Cachin , Luca Zanolini

A Confirmation Rule, within blockchain networks, refers to an algorithm implemented by network nodes that determines (either probabilistically or deterministically) the permanence of certain blocks on the blockchain. An example of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Aditya Asgaonkar , Francesco D'Amato , Roberto Saltini , Luca Zanolini , Chenyi Zhang