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Blockchain has become a popular decentralized paradigm for various applications in the zero-trust environment. The core of the blockchain is the consensus protocol, which establishes consensus among all the participants. PoW (Proof-of-Work)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Peiran Wang

The core of a blockchain network is its consensus algorithm. Starting with the Proof-of-Work, there have been various versions of consensus algorithms, such as Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Proof-of-Authority (PoA), and Practical Byzantine Fault…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Tariqul Islam , Faisal Haque Bappy , Tarannum Shaila Zaman , Md Sajidul Islam Sajid , Mir Mehedi Ahsan Pritom

In a blockchain system, consensus protocol as an incentive and security mechanism, is to ensure the participants to build the block honestly and effectively. There are different consensus protocols for blockchain, like Proof of work (PoW),…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Zhongli Dong , Young Choon Lee , Albert Y. Zomaya

Current blockchain protocols (e.g., Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake) secure the ledger yet cannot measure validator trustworthiness, allowing subtle misconduct that is especially damaging in decentralized-finance (DeFi) settings. We…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-06-30 Ailiya Borjigin , Wei Zhou , Cong He

We lay the foundations for a blockchain scheme, whose consensus is reached via a proof of work algorithm based on the solution of consecutive discrete logarithm problems over the point group of elliptic curves. In the considered…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Alessio Meneghetti , Massimiliano Sala , Daniele Taufer

We study the applicability of blockchain technology for distributed event detection under resource constraints. Therefore we provide a test-suite with several promising consensus methods (Proof-of-Work, Proof-of-Stake, Distributed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Cedric Sanders , Thomas Liebig

The distributed consensus mechanism is the backbone of the rapidly developing blockchain network. Blockchain platforms consume vast amounts of electricity based on the current consensus mechanism of Proof of Work. Here, we point out an…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Xiaoyang Shi , Hang Xiao , Weifeng Liu , Xi Chen , Klaus. S. Lackner , Vitalik Buterin , Thomas F. Stocker

With the increasing artificial intelligence application, deep neural network (DNN) has become an emerging task. However, to train a good deep learning model will suffer from enormous computation cost and energy consumption. Recently,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-03 Boyang Li , Changhao Chenli , Xiaowei Xu , Yiyu Shi , Taeho Jung

Proof-of-work (PoW) is an algorithmic tool used to secure networks by imposing a computational cost on participating devices. Unfortunately, traditional PoW schemes require that correct devices perform computational work perpetually, even…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-02-20 Diksha Gupta , Jared Saia , Maxwell Young

With the increasing adoption of decentralized information systems based on a variety of permissionless blockchain networks, the choice of consensus mechanism is at the core of many controversial discussions. Ethereum's recent transition…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-01 Iván Abellán Álvarez , Vincent Gramlich , Johannes Sedlmeir

PAI Coin's Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism utilizes the double SHA-256 hashing protocol-- the same mechanism used by Bitcoin Core. This compatibility with classic Bitcoin-style mining provides low barrier to entry for PAI Coin…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-02-22 Mark Harvilla , Jincheng Du

Decentralized systems built around blockchain technology promise clients an immutable ledger. They add a transaction to the ledger after it undergoes consensus among the replicas that run a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) or Byzantine Fault-Tolerant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Junchao Chen , Suyash Gupta , Alberto Sonnino , Lefteris Kokoris-Kogias , Mohammad Sadoghi

Blockchain is an essentially distributed database recording all transactions or digital events among participating parties. Each transaction in the records is approved and verified by consensus of the participants in the system that…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Jie You

Blockchain technology is a breakthrough in changing the ways of business and organization operations, in which the consensus problem is challenging with practical constraints, such as computational power and consensus standard. In this…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Yuqi Xie , Changbing Tang , Feilong Lin , Guanrong Chen , Zhao Zhang , Zhonglong Zheng

We present the new mining protocol Proof-of-Reputation (PoR) for decentralized Proof-of-Work (PoW) blockchains, in particular for Bitcoin. PoR combines the classical PoW with the new ingredient of cryptographic reputation. The same level of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Cyril Grunspan , Ricardo Perez-Marco

Bitcoin is the first of its kind, a truly decentralized and anonymous cryptocurrency. To realize it, it has developed blockchain technology using the concept of `Proof of Work' (PoW). The miners, nodes responsible for writing transaction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Yash Chaurasia , Visvesh Subramanian , Sujit Gujar

Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus is traditionally analyzed under the assumption that all miners incur similar costs per unit of computational effort. In reality, costs vary due to factors such as regional electricity cost differences and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Yogev Bar-On , Ilan Komargodski , Omri Weinstein

A proof of work (PoW) is an important cryptographic construct enabling a party to convince others that they invested some effort in solving a computational task. Arguably, its main impact has been in the setting of cryptocurrencies such as…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-15 Alexandru Cojocaru , Juan Garay , Aggelos Kiayias , Fang Song , Petros Wallden

The Decentralized-Consistent-Scale (DCS) Triangle defines three dimensions that illustrate the tradeoffs of the blockchain consensus mechanism. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid consensus protocol, called Deterministic Proof of Work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-11-15 Zhuan Cheng , Gang Wu , Hao Wu , Muxing Zhao , Liang Zhao , Qingfeng Cai

Blockchain, the technology behind the popular Bitcoin, is considered a "security by design" system as it is meant to create security among a group of distrustful parties yet without a central trusted authority. The security of blockchain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-09-02 Yang Xiao , Ning Zhang , Wenjing Lou , Y. Thomas Hou