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Annotation reproducibility and accuracy rely on good consistency within annotators. We propose a novel method for measuring within annotator consistency or annotator Intraobserver Agreement (IA). The proposed approach is based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Jacopo Amidei

LLM use in annotation is becoming widespread, and given LLMs' overall promising performance and speed, simply "reviewing" LLM annotations in interpretive tasks can be tempting. In subjective annotation tasks with multiple plausible answers,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Hope Schroeder , Deb Roy , Jad Kabbara

Selecting an effective training signal for machine learning tasks is difficult: expert annotations are expensive, and crowd-sourced annotations may not be reliable. Recent work has demonstrated that learning from a distribution over labels…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Dustin Wright , Isabelle Augenstein

Text-based automated Cognitive Distortion detection is a challenging task due to its subjective nature, with low agreement scores observed even among expert human annotators, leading to unreliable annotations. We explore the use of Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Neha Sharma , Navneet Agarwal , Kairit Sirts

Labelling user data is a central part of the design and evaluation of pervasive systems that aim to support the user through situation-aware reasoning. It is essential both in designing and training the system to recognise and reason about…

Crowdsourced annotations of data play a substantial role in the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is broadly recognised that annotations of text data can contain annotator bias, where systematic disagreement in annotations can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Terne Sasha Thorn Jakobsen , Andreas Bjerre-Nielsen , Robert Böhm

Speech emotion recognition systems often predict a consensus value generated from the ratings of multiple annotators. However, these models have limited ability to predict the annotation of any one person. Alternatively, models can learn to…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-17 James Tavernor , Emily Mower Provost

We introduce Seshat, a new, simple and open-source software to efficiently manage annotations of speech corpora. The Seshat software allows users to easily customise and manage annotations of large audio corpora while ensuring compliance…

Audio-visual quality assessment (AVQA) research has been stalled by limitations of existing datasets: they are typically small in scale, with insufficient diversity in content and quality, and annotated only with overall scores. These…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Renyu Yang , Jian Jin , Lili Meng , Meiqin Liu , Yilin Wang , Balu Adsumilli , Weisi Lin

Modern affective computing systems rely heavily on datasets with human-annotated emotion labels, for training and evaluation. However, human annotations are expensive to obtain, sensitive to study design, and difficult to quality control,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Minxue Niu , Yara El-Tawil , Amrit Romana , Emily Mower Provost

The prevalence and impact of toxic discussions online have made content moderation crucial.Automated systems can play a vital role in identifying toxicity, and reducing the reliance on human moderation.Nevertheless, identifying toxic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Senjuti Dutta , Sid Mittal , Sherol Chen , Deepak Ramachandran , Ravi Rajakumar , Ian Kivlichan , Sunny Mak , Alena Butryna , Praveen Paritosh

How can we model affect in a general fashion, across dissimilar tasks, and to which degree are such general representations of affect even possible? To address such questions and enable research towards general affective computing, this…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-29 David Melhart , Antonios Liapis , Georgios N. Yannakakis

The continuous growth of quantum computing and the increasingly complex quantum programs resulting from it lead to unprecedented obstacles in ensuring program correctness. Runtime assertions are, therefore, becoming a crucial tool in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-08 Damian Rovara , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Large amounts of annotated data have become more important than ever, especially since the rise of deep learning techniques. However, manual annotations are costly. We propose a tool that enables researchers to create large, high-quality,…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2021-12-23 Franziska Weeber , Felix Hamborg , Karsten Donnay , Bela Gipp

Third-party annotation is the status quo for labeling text, but egocentric information such as sentiment and belief can at best only be approximated by a third-person proxy. We introduce author labeling, an annotation technique where the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Marcus Ma , Cole Johnson , Nolan Bridges , Jackson Trager , Georgios Chochlakis , Shrikanth Narayanan

We present an annotation approach to capturing emotional and cognitive empathy in student-written peer reviews on business models in German. We propose an annotation scheme that allows us to model emotional and cognitive empathy scores…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Thiemo Wambsganss , Christina Niklaus , Matthias Söllner , Siegfried Handschuh , Jan Marco Leimeister

We consider a class of variable effort human annotation tasks in which the number of labels required per item can greatly vary (e.g., finding all faces in an image, named entities in a text, bird calls in an audio recording, etc.). In such…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-11-16 Danula Hettiachchi , Mike Schaekermann , Tristan McKinney , Matthew Lease

With the rise of generative AI, automated fact-checking methods to combat misinformation are becoming more and more important. However, factual claim detection, the first step in a fact-checking pipeline, suffers from two key issues that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Jingwei Ni , Minjing Shi , Dominik Stammbach , Mrinmaya Sachan , Elliott Ash , Markus Leippold

Intensive care units (ICUs) are complex and data-rich environments. Data routinely collected in the ICUs provides tremendous opportunities for machine learning, but their use comes with significant challenges. Complex problems may require…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Marceli Wac , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Chris McWilliams , Christopher Bourdeaux

We describe a novel method for efficiently eliciting scalar annotations for dataset construction and system quality estimation by human judgments. We contrast direct assessment (annotators assign scores to items directly), online pairwise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-06-05 Keisuke Sakaguchi , Benjamin Van Durme