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Non-linear dimensionality reduction can be performed by \textit{manifold learning} approaches, such as Stochastic Neighbour Embedding (SNE), Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) and Isometric Feature Mapping (ISOMAP). These methods aim to produce…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-12-09 Theodoulos Rodosthenous , Vahid Shahrezaei , Marina Evangelou

T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a well-known algorithm for visualizing high-dimensional data by finding low-dimensional representations. In this paper, we study the convergence of t-SNE with generalized kernels and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-10 Yi Gu

Multimodal relational data analysis has become of increasing importance in recent years, for exploring across different domains of data, such as images and their text tags obtained from social networking services (e.g., Flickr). A variety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Morihiro Mizutani , Akifumi Okuno , Geewook Kim , Hidetoshi Shimodaira

We present a new technique called "DSNE" which learns the velocity embeddings of low dimensional map points when given the high-dimensional data points with its velocities. The technique is a variation of Stochastic Neighbor Embedding,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Songting Shi

The paper presents an O(N log N)-implementation of t-SNE -- an embedding technique that is commonly used for the visualization of high-dimensional data in scatter plots and that normally runs in O(N^2). The new implementation uses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-03-11 Laurens van der Maaten

We describe a new method called t-ETE for finding a low-dimensional embedding of a set of objects in Euclidean space. We formulate the embedding problem as a joint ranking problem over a set of triplets, where each triplet captures the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Ehsan Amid , Nikos Vlassis , Manfred K. Warmuth

Molecular simulation trajectories represent high-dimensional data. Such data can be visualized by methods of dimensionality reduction. Non-linear dimensionality reduction methods are likely to be more efficient than linear ones due to the…

Chemical Physics · Physics 2020-08-24 Vojtěch Spiwok , Pavel Kříž

In contrast to classical techniques for exploratory analysis of high-dimensional data sets, such as principal component analysis (PCA), neighbor embedding (NE) techniques tend to better preserve the local structure/topology of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-07 Roman Josef Rainer , Michael Mayr , Johannes Himmelbauer , Ramin Nikzad-Langerodi

In this note we discuss a common misconception, namely that embeddings are always used to reduce the dimensionality of the item space. We show that when we measure dimensionality in terms of information entropy then the embedding of sparse…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Maxim Naumov

t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is a well-established visualization method for complex high-dimensional data. However, the original t-SNE method is nonparametric, stochastic, and often cannot well prevserve the global…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-01-14 Zixia Zhou , Yuanyuan Wang , Boudewijn P. F. Lelieveldt , Qian Tao

With the increasing availability of high-dimensional data, analysts often rely on exploratory data analysis to understand complex data sets. A key approach to exploring such data is dimensionality reduction, which embeds high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Pavlin G. Poličar , Blaž Zupan

Central to the widespread use of t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE) is the conviction that it produces visualizations whose structure roughly matches that of the input. To the contrary, we prove that (1) the strength of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Noah Bergam , Szymon Snoeck , Nakul Verma

The t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t- SNE) is a method for interpreting high dimensional (HD) data by mapping each point to a low dimensional (LD) space (usually two-dimensional). It seeks to retain the structure of the data.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson

T-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE) is a popular and prize-winning approach for dimensionality reduction and visualizing high-dimensional data. However, tSNE is non-parametric: once visualization is built, tSNE is not…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-08-17 Andrey Boytsov , Francois Fouquet , Thomas Hartmann , Yves LeTraon

Dimensionality reduction techniques are essential for visualizing and analyzing high-dimensional biological sequencing data. t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) is widely used for this purpose, traditionally employing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Avais Jan , Prakash Chourasia , Sarwan Ali , Murray Patterson

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) is a manifold learning and dimensionality reduction method with a probabilistic approach. In SNE, every point is consider to be the neighbor of all other points with some probability and this probability…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-04 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Visualizing high-dimensional data has been a focus in data analysis communities for decades, which has led to the design of many algorithms, some of which are now considered references (such as t-SNE for example). In our era of overwhelming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-21 Johan Paratte , Nathanaël Perraudin , Pierre Vandergheynst

This paper applies t-SNE, a visualisation technique familiar from Deep Neural Network research to argumentation graphs by applying it to the output of graph embeddings generated using several different methods. It shows that such a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-07-02 Lars Malmqvist , Tommy Yuan , Suresh Manandhar

Conditional t-SNE (ct-SNE) is a recent extension to t-SNE that allows removal of known cluster information from the embedding, to obtain a visualization revealing structure beyond label information. This is useful, for example, when one…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-12 Edith Heiter , Bo Kang , Ruth Seurinck , Jefrey Lijffijt

Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (SNE) methods minimize the divergence between the similarity matrix of a high-dimensional data set and its counterpart from a low-dimensional embedding, leading to widely applied tools for data visualization.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-13 Yao Lu , Jukka Corander , Zhirong Yang