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Richomme asked the following question: what is the infimum of the real numbers $\alpha$ > 2 such that there exists an infinite word that avoids $\alpha$-powers but contains arbitrarily large squares beginning at every position? We resolve…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2009-04-14 James D. Currie , Narad Rampersad

A word is \emph{square-free} if it does not contain non-empty factors of the form $XX$. In 1906 Thue proved that there exist arbitrarily long square-free words over $3$-letter alphabet. We consider a new type of square-free words. A…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Jarosław Grytczuk , Hubert Kordulewski , Artur Niewiadomski

I will show that there exist two binary words (one of length 4 and one of length 6) that play a special role in many different problems in combinatorics on words. They can therefore be considered \textit{the shortest interesting binary…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-06 Gabriele Fici

In this paper we consider the following problems: how many different subsets of Sigma^n can occur as set of all length-n factors of a finite word? If a subset is representable, how long a word do we need to represent it? How many such…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2013-04-15 Shuo Tan , Jeffrey Shallit

In combinatorics on words, a classical topic of study is the number of specific patterns appearing in infinite sequences. For instance, many works have been dedicated to studying the so-called factor complexity of infinite sequences, which…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-04 Pierre Popoli , Jeffrey Shallit , Manon Stipulanti

The problem we consider is the following: Given an infinite word $w$ on an ordered alphabet, construct the sequence $\nu_w=(\nu[n])_n$, equidistributed on $[0,1]$ and such that $\nu[m]<\nu[n]$ if and only if $\sigma^m(w)<\sigma^n(w)$, where…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2019-11-25 Mélodie Andrieu , Anna E. Frid

We investigate the scattered palindromic subwords in a finite word. We start by characterizing the words with the least number of scattered palindromic subwords. Then, we give an upper bound for the total number of palindromic subwords in a…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Kalpana Mahalingam , Palak Pandoh

Inspired by OEIS sequence A377912, which consists of the nonnegative integers in which every even digit (except possibly the last) is immediately followed by a strictly larger digit, we define even-up and odd-up words over an alphabet of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-21 Sela Fried

We develop a combinatorial and order-theoretic framework for shuffles, understood as ordered concatenations of indexed families of sequences that induce total orders on the natural numbers. Motivated by the classical \v{S}arkovski\u{i}…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-02-03 João Dias , Bruno Dinis , Carlos Correia Ramos

In this text, we consider random permutations which can be written as free words in several independent random permutations: firstly, we fix a non trivial word $w$ in letters $g_1,g_1^{-1},..., g_k,g_k^{-1}$, secondly, for all $n$, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2010-11-08 Florent Benaych-Georges

In an attempt to classify all of the overlap-free morphisms constructively using the Latin-square morphism, we came across an interesting counterexample, the Leech square-free morphism. We generalize the combinatorial properties of the…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2010-06-08 C. Robinson Tompkins

C. Greene introduced the shuffle lattice as an idealized model for DNA mutation and discovered remarkable combinatorial and enumerative properties of this structure. We attempt an explanation of these properties from a lattice-theoretic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-27 Thomas McConville , Henri Mühle

We present a new recursive generation algorithm for prefix normal words. These are binary strings with the property that no substring has more 1s than the prefix of the same length. The new algorithm uses two operations on binary strings,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Ferdinando Cicalese , Zsuzsanna Lipták , Massimiliano Rossi

Linguistic similarity is multi-faceted. For instance, two words may be similar with respect to semantics, syntax, or morphology inter alia. Continuous word-embeddings have been shown to capture most of these shades of similarity to some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Ryan Cotterell , Hinrich Schütze

Recently Lieb and Seiringer showed that the Bessis-Moussa-Villani conjecture from quantum physics can be restated in the following purely algebraic way: The sum of all words in two positive semidefinite matrices where the number of each of…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2011-04-19 Igor Klep , Markus Schweighofer

The notion of Abelian complexity of infinite words was recently used by the three last authors to investigate various Abelian properties of words. In particular, using van der Waerden's theorem, they proved that if a word avoids Abelian…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2010-05-17 Julien Cassaigne , Gwénaël Richomme , Kalle Saari , Luca Q. Zamboni

The problem of efficiently characterizing degree sequences of simple hypergraphs is a fundamental long-standing open problem in Graph Theory. Several results are known for restricted versions of this problem. This paper adds to the list of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-05-02 Syed Mohammad Meesum

We study the cyclic adjacent transposition (CAT) shuffle of $n$ cards, which is a systematic scan version of the random adjacent transposition (AT) card shuffle. In this paper, we prove that the CAT shuffle exhibits cutoff at $\frac{n^3}{2…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-05-29 Danny Nam , Evita Nestoridi

In this paper, we prove decidability properties and new results on the position of the family of languages generated by (circular) splicing systems within the Chomsky hierarchy. The two main results of the paper are the following. First, we…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2011-02-07 Jean Berstel , Luc Boasson , Isabelle Fagnot

We find the two-variables generating function for the statistic which counts the number of variations in a word bounded by $1$. Thus, we refine and extend previous results concerning staircase words, which are words in which the variation…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-01-22 Sela Fried