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Dynamic difficulty adjustment (DDA) is a technology that adapts a game's challenge to match the player's skill. It is a key element in game development that provides continuous motivation and immersion to the player. However, conventional…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Hee-Seung Moon , Jiwon Seo

Dynamic difficulty adjustment ($DDA$) is a process of automatically changing a game difficulty for the optimization of user experience. It is a vital part of almost any modern game. Most existing DDA approaches concentrate on the experience…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Dvir Ben Or , Michael Kolomenkin , Gil Shabat

Videogames are nowadays one of the biggest entertainment industries in the world. Being part of this industry means competing against lots of other companies and developers, thus, making fanbases of vital importance. They are a group of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Gabriel K. Sepulveda , Felipe Besoain , Nicolas A. Barriga

Virtual Reality (VR) games that feature physical activities have been shown to increase players' motivation to do physical exercise. However, for such exercises to have a positive healthcare effect, they have to be repeated several times a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-02-03 Tobias Huber , Silvan Mertes , Stanislava Rangelova , Simon Flutura , Elisabeth André

Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA) is a mechanism used in video games that automatically tailors the individual gaming experience to match an appropriate difficulty setting. This is generally achieved by removing pre-defined difficulty…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2018-06-13 Anthony M. Colwell , Frank G. Glavin

Video Games are boring when they are too easy, and frustrating when they are too hard. In terms of providing game experience such as enjoyment to the player by match players with different levels of ability to player ability, We assume that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Junjie Xu

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has made great achievements since proposed. Generally, DRL agents receive high-dimensional inputs at each step, and make actions according to deep-neural-network-based policies. This learning mechanism…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Kun Shao , Zhentao Tang , Yuanheng Zhu , Nannan Li , Dongbin Zhao

In recent years, a variety of tasks have been accomplished by deep reinforcement learning (DRL). However, when applying DRL to tasks in a real-world environment, designing an appropriate reward is difficult. Rewards obtained via actual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Kanata Suzuki , Tetsuya Ogata

Vision-language reinforcement learning (RL) has primarily focused on narrow domains (e.g. geometry or chart reasoning). This leaves broader training scenarios and resources underexplored, limiting the exploration and learning of Vision…

This paper addresses the dynamic difficulty adjustment on MOBA games as a way to improve the player's entertainment. Although MOBA is currently one of the most played genres around the world, it is known as a game that offer less autonomy,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-12 Mirna Paula Silva , Victor do Nascimento Silva , Luiz Chaimowicz

Reinforcement learning (RL) is attracting attention as an effective way to solve sequential optimization problems that involve high dimensional state/action space and stochastic uncertainties. Many such problems involve constraints…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-01 Haeun Yoo , Victor M. Zavala , Jay H. Lee

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has produced great achievements since it was proposed, including the possibility of processing raw vision input data. However, training an agent to perform tasks based on image feedback remains a challenge.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-26 Victor Augusto Kich , Junior Costa de Jesus , Ricardo Bedin Grando , Alisson Henrique Kolling , Gabriel Vinícius Heisler , Rodrigo da Silva Guerra

Data augmentation (DA) is a crucial technique for enhancing the sample efficiency of visual reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms. Notably, employing simple observation transformations alone can yield outstanding performance without extra…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-30 Guozheng Ma , Linrui Zhang , Haoyu Wang , Lu Li , Zilin Wang , Zhen Wang , Li Shen , Xueqian Wang , Dacheng Tao

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning which is employed to solve various sequential decision making problems without proper supervision. Due to the recent advancement of deep learning, the newly proposed Deep-RL…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-04-17 Dhruv Ramani

Reinforcement learning (RL) excels in various applications but struggles in dynamic environments where the underlying Markov decision process evolves. Continual reinforcement learning (CRL) enables RL agents to continually learn and adapt…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xue Yang , Michael Schukat , Junlin Lu , Patrick Mannion , Karl Mason , Enda Howley

Balancing game difficulty in video games is a key task to create interesting gaming experiences for players. Mismatching the game difficulty and a player's skill or commitment results in frustration or boredom on the player's side, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Ronja Fuchs , Robin Gieseke , Alexander Dockhorn

Reinforcement Learning (RL) in games has gained significant momentum in recent years, enabling the creation of different agent behaviors that can transform a player's gaming experience. However, deploying RL agents in production…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 António Afonso , Iolanda Leite , Alessandro Sestini , Florian Fuchs , Konrad Tollmar , Linus Gisslén

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms can learn complex policies to optimize agent operation over time. RL algorithms have shown promising results in solving complicated problems in recent years. However, their application on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-29 Hamed Khorasgani , Haiyan Wang , Chetan Gupta , Susumu Serita

Reinforcement Learning is a mature technology, often suggested as a potential route towards Artificial General Intelligence, with the ambitious goal of replicating the wide range of abilities found in natural and artificial intelligence,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Markus D. Solbach , John K. Tsotsos

Mean field games (MFGs) have emerged as a powerful framework for modeling interactions in large-scale multi-agent systems. Despite recent advancements in reinforcement learning (RL) for MFGs, existing methods are typically limited to finite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Lorenzo Magnino , Kai Shao , Zida Wu , Jiacheng Shen , Mathieu Laurière
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