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Textual Concept Bottleneck Models (TCBMs) are interpretable-by-design models for text classification that predict a set of salient concepts before making the final prediction. This paper proposes Complete Textual Concept Bottleneck Model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Milan Bhan , Yann Choho , Pierre Moreau , Jean-Noel Vittaut , Nicolas Chesneau , Marie-Jeanne Lesot

Medical image classification is a critical problem for healthcare, with the potential to alleviate the workload of doctors and facilitate diagnoses of patients. However, two challenges arise when deploying deep learning models to real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 An Yan , Yu Wang , Yiwu Zhong , Zexue He , Petros Karypis , Zihan Wang , Chengyu Dong , Amilcare Gentili , Chun-Nan Hsu , Jingbo Shang , Julian McAuley

Machine learning is a vital part of many real-world systems, but several concerns remain about the lack of interpretability, explainability and robustness of black-box AI systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) address some of these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-24 Hidde Fokkema , Tim van Erven , Sara Magliacane

Interpreting and explaining the behavior of deep neural networks is critical for many tasks. Explainable AI provides a way to address this challenge, mostly by providing per-pixel relevance to the decision. Yet, interpreting such…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Bowen Wang , Liangzhi Li , Yuta Nakashima , Hajime Nagahara

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) enhance interpretability by predicting human-understandable concepts as intermediate representations. However, existing CBMs often suffer from input-to-concept mapping bias and limited controllability, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Gaoxiang Huang , Songning Lai , Yutao Yue

The integration of vision-language models such as CLIP and Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offers a promising approach to explaining deep neural network (DNN) decisions using concepts understandable by humans, addressing the black-box…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Townim F. Chowdhury , Vu Minh Hieu Phan , Kewen Liao , Minh-Son To , Yutong Xie , Anton van den Hengel , Johan W. Verjans , Zhibin Liao

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have been proposed as a compromise between white-box and black-box models, aiming to achieve interpretability without sacrificing accuracy. The standard training procedure for CBMs is to predefine a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Jean Feng , Avni Kothari , Luke Zier , Chandan Singh , Yan Shuo Tan

Interpretable models are designed to make decisions in a human-interpretable manner. Representatively, Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) follow a two-step process of concept prediction and class prediction based on the predicted concepts. CBM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Eunji Kim , Dahuin Jung , Sangha Park , Siwon Kim , Sungroh Yoon

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are a class of interpretable neural network models that predict the target response of a given input based on its high-level concepts. Unlike the standard end-to-end models, CBMs enable domain experts to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Sungbin Shin , Yohan Jo , Sungsoo Ahn , Namhoon Lee

Recently impressive performance has been achieved in Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) by utilizing the image-text alignment learned by a large pre-trained vision-language model (i.e. CLIP). However, there exist two key limitations in concept…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Minghong Zhong , Guoshuai Zou , Kanghao Chen , Dexia Chen , Ruixuan Wang

The main challenges hindering the adoption of deep learning-based systems in clinical settings are the scarcity of annotated data and the lack of interpretability and trust in these systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) offer inherent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Cristiano Patrício , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

We introduce Concept Bottleneck Reward Models (CB-RM), a reward modeling framework that enables interpretable preference learning through selective concept annotation. Unlike standard RLHF methods that rely on opaque reward functions, CB-RM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Sonia Laguna , Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Julia E. Vogt , Mihaela Van der Schaar

Interpretable deep learning aims at developing neural architectures whose decision-making processes could be understood by their users. Among these techniqes, Concept Bottleneck Models enhance the interpretability of neural networks by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Gabriele Dominici , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langhenirich

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are inherently interpretable and intervenable neural network models, which explain their final label prediction by the intermediate prediction of high-level semantic concepts. However, they require target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Shin'ya Yamaguchi , Kosuke Nishida , Daiki Chijiwa , Yasutoshi Ida

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim for ante-hoc interpretability by learning a bottleneck layer that predicts interpretable concepts before the decision. State-of-the-art approaches typically select which concepts to learn via human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Antonio De Santis , Schrasing Tong , Marco Brambilla , Lalana Kagal

Due to the high stakes in medical decision-making, there is a compelling demand for interpretable deep learning methods in medical image analysis. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) have emerged as an active interpretable framework…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yibo Gao , Zheyao Gao , Xin Gao , Yuanye Liu , Bomin Wang , Xiahai Zhuang

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) are interpretable models that route predictions through a layer of human-interpretable concepts. While widely studied in vision and, more recently, in NLP, CBMs remain largely unexplored in multimodal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Pierre Moreau , Emeline Pineau Ferrand , Yann Choho , Benjamin Wong , Annabelle Blangero , Milan Bhan

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) provide a basis for semantic abstractions within a neural network architecture. Such models have primarily been seen through the lens of interpretability so far, wherein they offer transparency by inferring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Deepika SN Vemuri , Gautham Bellamkonda , Aditya Pola , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) ground image classification on human-understandable concepts to allow for interpretable model decisions. Crucially, the CBM design inherently allows for human interventions, in which expert users are given…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Nishad Singhi , Jae Myung Kim , Karsten Roth , Zeynep Akata

Deep learning representations are often difficult to interpret, which can hinder their deployment in sensitive applications. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a promising approach to mitigate this issue by learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Antonio Almudévar , José Miguel Hernández-Lobato , Alfonso Ortega