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Knowledge graph (KG) is known to be helpful for the task of question answering (QA), since it provides well-structured relational information between entities, and allows one to further infer indirect facts. However, it is challenging to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-29 Yuyu Zhang , Hanjun Dai , Zornitsa Kozareva , Alexander J. Smola , Le Song

Compositional reasoning tasks like multi-hop question answering, require making latent decisions to get the final answer, given a question. However, crowdsourced datasets often capture only a slice of the underlying task distribution, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Dheeru Dua , Cicero Nogueira dos Santos , Patrick Ng , Ben Athiwaratkun , Bing Xiang , Matt Gardner , Sameer Singh

Despite initial successes and a variety of architectures, retrieval-augmented generation systems still struggle to reliably retrieve and connect the multi-step evidence required for complicated reasoning tasks. Most of the standard RAG…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jovan Pavlović , Miklós Krész , László Hajdu

Large language models augmented with task-relevant documents have demonstrated impressive performance on knowledge-intensive tasks. However, regarding how to obtain effective documents, the existing methods are mainly divided into two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zhangyin Feng , Xiaocheng Feng , Dezhi Zhao , Maojin Yang , Bing Qin

With the rise of large-scale language models (LLMs), it is currently popular and effective to convert multimodal information into text descriptions for multimodal multi-hop question answering. However, we argue that the current methods of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Qing Zhang , Haocheng Lv , Jie Liu , Zhiyun Chen , Jianyong Duan , Hao Wang , Li He , Mingying Xv

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds large language models in external evidence, yet it still falters when answers must be pieced together across semantically distant documents. We close this gap with the Hierarchical Lexical Graph…

Neural network-based methods represent the state-of-the-art in question generation from text. Existing work focuses on generating only questions from text without concerning itself with answer generation. Moreover, our analysis shows that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-03-13 Vishwajeet Kumar , Kireeti Boorla , Yogesh Meena , Ganesh Ramakrishnan , Yuan-Fang Li

Multi-hop question answering requires models to gather information from different parts of a text to answer a question. Most current approaches learn to address this task in an end-to-end way with neural networks, without maintaining an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Jifan Chen , Shih-ting Lin , Greg Durrett

State-of-the-art approaches to reasoning and question answering over knowledge graphs (KGs) usually scale with the number of edges and can only be applied effectively on small instance-dependent subgraphs. In this paper, we address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-28 Mattia Atzeni , Jasmina Bogojeska , Andreas Loukas

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires systems to iteratively retrieve evidence and reason across multiple hops. While recent RAG and agentic methods report strong results, the underlying retrieval--reasoning \emph{process} is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yuelyu Ji , Zhuochun Li , Rui Meng , Daqing He

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds language models in external evidence, but multi-hop question answering remains difficult because iterative pipelines must control what to retrieve next and when the available evidence is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Minghan Li , Junjie Zou , Xinxuan Lv , Chao Zhang , Guodong Zhou

Multi-hop knowledge based question answering (KBQA) is a complex task for natural language understanding. Many KBQA approaches have been proposed in recent years, and most of them are trained based on labeled reasoning path. This hinders…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-25 Kechen Qin , Yu Wang , Cheng Li , Kalpa Gunaratna , Hongxia Jin , Virgil Pavlu , Javed A. Aslam

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has demonstrated its ability to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by integrating external knowledge sources. However, multi-hop questions, which require the identification of multiple knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuchen Yan , Peiyan Zhang , Zhihua Liu , Hao Wang , Yatao Bian , Weiming Li , Xiaoshuai Hao

Building training-ready multi-hop question answering (QA) datasets that truly stress a model's retrieval and reasoning abilities remains highly challenging recently. While there have been a few recent evaluation datasets that capture the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Bingsen Qiu , Zijian Liu , Xiao Liu , Bingjie Wang , Feier Zhang , Yixuan Qin , Chunyan Li , Haoshen Yang , Zeren Gao

Deep-learning models for language generation tasks tend to produce repetitive output. Various methods have been proposed to encourage lexical diversity during decoding, but this often comes at a cost to the perceived fluency and adequacy of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-22 Giulio Zhou , Gerasimos Lampouras

We present S-Path-RAG, a semantic-aware shortest-path Retrieval-Augmented Generation framework designed to improve multi-hop question answering over large knowledge graphs. S-Path-RAG departs from one-shot, text-heavy retrieval by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Rong Fu , Yemin Wang , Tianxiang Xu , Yongtai Liu , Weizhi Tang , Wangyu Wu , Xiaowen Ma , Simon Fong

Question Answering for complex questions is often modeled as a graph construction or traversal task, where a solver must build or traverse a graph of facts that answer and explain a given question. This "multi-hop" inference has been shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Peter Jansen

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires a model to retrieve and integrate information from different parts of a long text to answer a question. Humans answer this kind of complex questions via a divide-and-conquer approach. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Yixuan Tang , Hwee Tou Ng , Anthony K. H. Tung

Multi-hop question answering over knowledge graphs remains computationally challenging due to the combinatorial explosion of possible reasoning paths. Recent approaches rely on expensive Large Language Model (LLM) inference for both entity…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Manil Shrestha , Edward Kim

Question answering over heterogeneous data requires reasoning over diverse sources of data, which is challenging due to the large scale of information and organic coupling of heterogeneous data. Various approaches have been proposed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Qi Shi , Han Cui , Haofeng Wang , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che , Ting Liu