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Knowledge graphs (KGs) are large datasets with specific structures representing large knowledge bases (KB) where each node represents a key entity and relations amongst them are typed edges. Natural language queries formed to extract…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Abir Chakraborty

Multi-hop Question Answering over Knowledge Graph~(KGQA) aims to find the answer entities that are multiple hops away from the topic entities mentioned in a natural language question on a large-scale Knowledge Graph (KG). To cope with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Jinhao Jiang , Kun Zhou , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Multi-hop reading comprehension (MHRC) requires not only to predict the correct answer span in the given passage, but also to provide a chain of supporting evidences for reasoning interpretability. It is natural to model such a process into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-27 Bohong Wu , Zhuosheng Zhang , Hai Zhao

Mathematical problem generation (MPG) is a significant research direction in the field of intelligent education. In recent years, the rapid development of large language models (LLMs) has enabled new technological approaches to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yifei Sun , Yongan Li , A. K. Qin , Sicheng Hou , Tamas Pflanzner

Unsupervised commonsense question answering requires mining effective commonsense knowledge without the rely on the labeled task data. Previous methods typically retrieved from traditional knowledge bases or used pre-trained language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Yueqing Sun , Yu Zhang , Le Qi , Qi Shi

Multi-hop Knowledge Base Question Answering(KBQA) aims to find the answer entity in a knowledge base which is several hops from the topic entity mentioned in the question. Existing Retrieval-based approaches first generate instructions from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-08 Haowei Du , Quzhe Huang , Chen Zhang , Dongyan Zhao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) remains brittle on multi-step questions and heterogeneous evidence sources, trading accuracy against latency and token/tool budgets. This paper introduces RELOOP, a structure aware framework using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Ruiyi Yang , Hao Xue , Imran Razzak , Hakim Hacid , Flora D. Salim

Multi-hop textual question answering requires combining information from multiple sentences. We focus on a natural setting where, unlike typical reading comprehension, only partial information is provided with each question. The model must…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-23 Tushar Khot , Ashish Sabharwal , Peter Clark

Most existing multi-hop datasets are extractive answer datasets, where the answers to the questions can be extracted directly from the provided context. This often leads models to use heuristics or shortcuts instead of performing true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Julian Schnitzler , Xanh Ho , Jiahao Huang , Florian Boudin , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

Despite readily memorizing world knowledge about entities, pre-trained language models (LMs) struggle to compose together two or more facts to perform multi-hop reasoning in question-answering tasks. In this work, we propose techniques that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Kanishka Misra , Cicero Nogueira dos Santos , Siamak Shakeri

Traditional Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) effectively supports single-hop question answering with large language models but faces significant limitations in multi-hop question answering tasks, which require combining evidence from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Junli Liang , Pengfei Zhou , Wangqiu Zhou , Wenjie Qing , Qi Zhao , Ziwen Wang , Qi Song , Xiangyang Li

Large language model (LLM) training faces a critical bottleneck: the scarcity of high-quality, reasoning-intensive question-answer pairs, especially from sparse, domain-specific sources like PubMed papers or legal documents. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Linqing Chen , Hanmeng Zhong , Wentao Wu , Weilei Wang

Multi-hop Question Answering (QA) is a challenging task since it requires an accurate aggregation of information from multiple context paragraphs and a thorough understanding of the underlying reasoning chains. Recent work in multi-hop QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Kaige Xie , Sarah Wiegreffe , Mark Riedl

Answering natural language questions on knowledge graphs (KGQA) remains a great challenge in terms of understanding complex questions via multi-hop reasoning. Previous efforts usually exploit large-scale entity-related text corpora or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Zile Qiao , Wei Ye , Tong Zhang , Tong Mo , Weiping Li , Shikun Zhang

Recent progress in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) has led to more accurate and interpretable multi-hop question answering (QA). Yet, challenges persist in integrating iterative reasoning steps with external knowledge retrieval. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Tengjun Ni , Xin Yuan , Shenghong Li , Kai Wu , Ren Ping Liu , Wei Ni , Wenjie Zhang

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires an information retrieval (IR) system that can find \emph{multiple} supporting evidence needed to answer the question, making the retrieval process very challenging. This paper introduces an IR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-18 Ameya Godbole , Dilip Kavarthapu , Rajarshi Das , Zhiyu Gong , Abhishek Singhal , Hamed Zamani , Mo Yu , Tian Gao , Xiaoxiao Guo , Manzil Zaheer , Andrew McCallum

Standard RAG pipelines based on chunking excel at simple factual retrieval but fail on complex multi-hop queries due to a lack of structural connectivity. Conversely, initial strategies that interleave retrieval with reasoning often lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Maxime Delmas , Lei Xu , André Freitas

Large-scale natural language generation requires the integration of vast amounts of knowledge: lexical, grammatical, and conceptual. A robust generator must be able to operate well even when pieces of knowledge are missing. It must also be…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2008-02-03 Kevin Knight , Vasileios Hatzivassiloglou

In Textual question answering (TQA) systems, complex questions often require retrieving multiple textual fact chains with multiple reasoning steps. While existing benchmarks are limited to single-chain or single-hop retrieval scenarios. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Minjun Zhu , Yixuan Weng , Shizhu He , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Multi-hop question generation (MQG) aims to generate complex questions which require reasoning over multiple pieces of information of the input passage. Most existing work on MQG has focused on exploring graph-based networks to equip the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Dan Su , Peng Xu , Pascale Fung