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Humans refer to objects in their environments all the time, especially in dialogue with other people. We explore generating and comprehending natural language referring expressions for objects in images. In particular, we focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-08-11 Licheng Yu , Patrick Poirson , Shan Yang , Alexander C. Berg , Tamara L. Berg

This paper focuses on a referring expression generation (REG) task in which the aim is to pick out an object in a complex visual scene. One common theoretical approach to this problem is to model the task as a two-agent cooperative scheme…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Hieu Le , Taufiq Daryanto , Fabian Zhafransyah , Derry Wijaya , Elizabeth Coppock , Sang Chin

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to identify a particular object in a scene by a natural language expression, and is an important topic in visual language understanding. State-of-the-art methods for this task are based on deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Luca Parolari , Elena Izzo , Lamberto Ballan

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is a foundational cross-modal task that evaluates the interplay of language understanding, image comprehension, and language-to-image grounding. It serves as an essential testing ground for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xuzheng Yang , Junzhuo Liu , Peng Wang , Guoqing Wang , Yang Yang , Heng Tao Shen

Intelligent robots designed to interact with humans in real scenarios need to be able to refer to entities actively by natural language. In spatial referring expression generation, the ambiguity is unavoidable due to the diversity of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Mingjiang Liu , Chengli Xiao , Chunlin Chen

Video Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize a target object in video frames referred by the natural language expression. Recently, the Transformerbased methods have greatly boosted the performance limit. However, we…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Ji Jiang , Meng Cao , Tengtao Song , Yuexian Zou

This paper addresses the generation of referring expressions that not only refer to objects correctly but also let humans find them quickly. As a target becomes relatively less salient, identifying referred objects itself becomes more…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-30 Mikihiro Tanaka , Takayuki Itamochi , Kenichi Narioka , Ikuro Sato , Yoshitaka Ushiku , Tatsuya Harada

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is a popular multimodal task that aims to accurately detect target objects within a single image based on a given textual expression. However, due to the limitations of earlier models, traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Guanghao Jin , Jingpei Wu , Tianpei Guo , Yiyi Niu , Weidong Zhou , Guoyang Liu

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) requires models to localize objects in images based on natural language descriptions. Research on the area remains predominantly English-centric, despite increasing global deployment demands. This…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Francisco Nogueira , Alexandre Bernardino , Bruno Martins

As an important and challenging problem in vision-language tasks, referring expression comprehension (REC) generally requires a large amount of multi-grained information of visual and linguistic modalities to realize accurate reasoning. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-13 Peihan Miao , Wei Su , Gaoang Wang , Xuewei Li , Xi Li

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) and Referring Expression Generation (REG) are fundamental tasks in multimodal understanding, supporting precise object localization through natural language. However, existing REC and REG datasets…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Shilan Zhang , Jirui Huang , Ruilin Yao , Cong Wang , Yaxiong Chen , Peng Xu , Shengwu Xiong

Video Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize a target object in videos based on the queried natural language. Recent improvements in video REC have been made using Transformer-based methods with learnable queries.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Ji Jiang , Meng Cao , Tengtao Song , Long Chen , Yi Wang , Yuexian Zou

Connecting conversation with external domain knowledge is vital for conversational recommender systems (CRS) to correctly understand user preferences. However, existing solutions either require domain-specific engineering, which limits…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Dayu Yang , Hui Fang

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize an image region of a given object described by a natural-language expression. While promising performance has been demonstrated, existing REC algorithms make a strong assumption that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Heng Tao Shen , Cheng Chen , Peng Wang , Lianli Gao , Meng Wang , Jingkuan Song

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) aims to localize the target objects specified by free-form natural language descriptions in images. While state-of-the-art methods achieve impressive performance, they perform a dense perception of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Wei Su , Peihan Miao , Huanzhang Dou , Xi Li

Reference Expression Segmentation (RES) and Reference Expression Generation (REG) are mutually inverse tasks that can be naturally jointly trained. Though recent work has explored such joint training, the mechanism of how RES and REG can…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Shijia Huang , Feng Li , Hao Zhang , Shilong Liu , Lei Zhang , Liwei Wang

Using natural language to query visual information is a fundamental need in real-world applications. Text-Image Retrieval (TIR) retrieves a target image from a gallery based on an image-level description, while Referring Expression…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Xiangzhao Hao , Kuan Zhu , Hongyu Guo , Haiyun Guo , Ning Jiang , Quan Lu , Ming Tang , Jinqiao Wang

Referring Expression Comprehension (REC) is a vision-language task that localizes a specific image region based on a textual description. Existing REC benchmarks primarily evaluate perceptual capabilities and lack interpretable scoring…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Tianyi Gao , Hao Li , Han Fang , Xin Wei , Xiaodong Dong , Hongbo Sun , Ye Yuan , Zhongjiang He , Jinglin Xu , Jingmin Xin , Hao Sun

The key of referring expression comprehension lies in capturing the cross-modal visual-linguistic relevance. Existing works typically model the cross-modal relevance in each image, where the anchor object/expression and their positive…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Fuhai Chen , Xuri Ge , Xiaoshuai Sun , Yue Gao , Jianzhuang Liu , Fufeng Chen , Wenjie Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems traditionally treat retrieval and generation as separate processes, requiring explicit textual queries to connect them. This separation can limit the ability of models to generalize across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Wenzheng Zhang , Xi Victoria Lin , Karl Stratos , Wen-tau Yih , Mingda Chen