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Large-scale online recommender system spreads all over the Internet being in charge of two basic tasks: Click-Through Rate (CTR) and Post-Click Conversion Rate (CVR) estimations. However, traditional CVR estimators suffer from well-known…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Zhenhao Jiang , Biao Zeng , Hao Feng , Jin Liu , Jicong Fan , Jie Zhang , Jia Jia , Ning Hu , Xingyu Chen , Xuguang Lan

Conversion and conversion rate (CVR) prediction play a critical role in efficient advertising decision-making. In past decades, although researchers have developed plenty of models for CVR prediction, the methodological evolution and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Tao Xue , Yanwu Yang , Panyu Zhai

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction is one of the core components in online recommender systems, and various approaches have been proposed to obtain accurate and well-calibrated CVR estimation. However, we observe that a well-trained CVR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Zhangming Chan , Yu Zhang , Shuguang Han , Yong Bai , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Siyuan Lou , Jiacen Hu , Baolin Liu , Yuning Jiang , Jian Xu , Bo Zheng

Conversion rate (CVR) prediction plays an important role in advertising systems. Recently, supervised deep neural network-based models have shown promising performance in CVR prediction. However, they are data hungry and require an enormous…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Wentao Ouyang , Rui Dong , Xiuwu Zhang , Chaofeng Guo , Jinmei Luo , Xiangzheng Liu , Yanlong Du

Industrial recommender systems are frequently tasked with approximating probabilities for multiple, often closely related, user actions. For example, predicting if a user will click on an advertisement and if they will then purchase the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-01 Conor O'Brien , Kin Sum Liu , James Neufeld , Rafael Barreto , Jonathan J Hunt

Predicting conversion rate (e.g., the probability that a user will purchase an item) is a fundamental problem in machine learning based recommender systems. However, accurate conversion labels are revealed after a long delay, which harms…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-28 Jia-Qi Yang , De-Chuan Zhan

The conversion rate (CVR) is a crucial metric for evaluating the effectiveness of platforms, as it quantifies the alignment of content with audience preferences. However, the limited nature of customers' conversion actions presents a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Guohao Cai , Jun Yuan , Zhenhua Dong

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) is a reliable indicator of online customers' preferences, making it crucial for developing recommender systems. A major challenge in predicting CVR is severe selection bias, arising from users' inherent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Wenbo Hu , Xin Sun , Qiang liu , Le Wu , Liang Wang

Developing effective and efficient recommendation methods is very challenging for modern e-commerce platforms. Generally speaking, two essential modules named "Click-Through Rate Prediction" (\textit{CTR}) and "Conversion Rate Prediction"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Quan Lin , Keping Yang , Pipei Huang

Post-click conversion rate (CVR) prediction is an essential task for discovering user interests and increasing platform revenues in a range of industrial applications. One of the most challenging problems of this task is the existence of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Quanyu Dai , Haoxuan Li , Peng Wu , Zhenhua Dong , Xiao-Hua Zhou , Rui Zhang , Rui zhang , Jie Sun

Scaling a Search Conversion Rate (CVR) prediction model, especially in high-traffic environments, presents a challenge: superior model quality needs to be balanced with strict constraints on training cost and serving latency. This paper…

The prediction objectives of online advertisement ranking models are evolving from probabilistic metrics like conversion rate (CVR) to numerical business metrics like post-click gross merchandise volume (GMV). Unlike the well-studied…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xinyu Li , Sishuo Chen , Guipeng Xv , Li Zhang , Mingxuan Luo , Zhangming Chan , Xiang-Rong Sheng , Han Zhu , Jian Xu , Chen Lin

Post-click conversion, as a strong signal indicating the user preference, is salutary for building recommender systems. However, accurately estimating the post-click conversion rate (CVR) is challenging due to the selection bias, i.e., the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Siyuan Guo , Lixin Zou , Yiding Liu , Wenwen Ye , Suqi Cheng , Shuaiqiang Wang , Hechang Chen , Dawei Yin , Yi Chang

Tasks critical to enterprise profitability, such as customer churn prediction, fraudulent account detection or customer lifetime value estimation, are often tackled by models trained on features engineered from customer data in tabular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Pin-Jung Chen , Sahil Bhatnagar , Sagar Goyal , Damian Konrad Kowalczyk , Mayank Shrivastava

Companies across the globe are keen on targeting potential high-value customers in an attempt to expand revenue and this could be achieved only by understanding the customers more. Customer Lifetime Value (CLV) is the total monetary value…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Karan Gadgil , Sukhpal Singh Gill , Ahmed M. Abdelmoniem

Position bias, the phenomenon whereby users tend to focus on higher-ranked items of the search result list regardless of the actual relevance to queries, is prevailing in many ranking systems. Position bias in training data biases the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-01 Yibo Wang , Yanbing Xue , Bo Liu , Musen Wen , Wenting Zhao , Stephen Guo , Philip S. Yu

A delayed feedback reservoir (DFR) is a reservoir computing system well-suited for hardware implementations. However, achieving high accuracy in DFRs depends heavily on selecting appropriate hyperparameters. Conventionally, due to the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Sosei Ikeda , Hiromitsu Awano , Takashi Sato

Delayed feedback poses a core challenge for online CVR prediction, forcing a trade-off between label accuracy and data freshness. Existing methods address this through delay modeling or sample reweighting, yet neglect how post-click…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Xinyue Zhang , Yuanhao Ding , Xiang Ao

Accurate post-click conversion rate (CVR) estimation is crucial for online advertising systems. Despite significant advances in causal approaches designed to address the Sample Selection Bias problem, CVR estimation still faces challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Huajian Feng , Guoxiao Zhang , Yadong Zhang , Yi We , Qiang Liu

Reservoir computing (RC) is attracting attention as a machine-learning technique for edge computing. In time-series classification tasks, the number of features obtained using a reservoir depends on the length of the input series.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Sosei Ikeda , Hiromitsu Awano , Takashi Sato