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The lack of a well-established solution for the gravitational energy problem might be one of the reasons why a clear road to quantum gravity does not exist. In this paper, the gravitational energy is studied in detail with the help of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-08-25 J. B. Formiga , João Duarte

The general idea to modify Einstein's field equations by promoting Newton's constant $G$ to a covariant differential operator $G_\Lambda(\Box_g)$ was apparently outlined for the first time in [12-15]. The modification itself originates from…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-04-21 Alain Dirkes

It is shown that the quantum ground state energy of particle of mass m and electric charge e moving on a compact Riemann surface under the influence of a constant magnetic field of strength B is E_0=eB/2m. Remarkably, this formula is…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-12-20 J. M. Speight

We consider a set of macroscopic (classical) degrees of freedom coupled to an arbitrary many-particle Hamiltonian system, quantum or classical. These degrees of freedom can represent positions of objects in space, their angles, shape…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-06-17 Luca D'Alessio , Anatoli Polkovnikov

We develop a new geometrical technique to study relative equilibria for a system of $n$--positive masses, moving on the two dimensional sphere $\mathbb{S}^2$, under the influence of a general potential which only depends on the mutual…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2023-04-28 Toshiaki Fujiwara , Ernesto Pérez-Chavela

Einstein based his special theory of relativity on two postulates: (a) physical laws appear the same in all inertial frames, and (b) the speed of light in vacuum is an observer-independent constant. However, it is already known that the…

Classical Physics · Physics 2021-11-24 Vikramaditya Mondal

The so-called Einstein-Aether theory is General Relativity coupled (at second derivative order) to a dynamical unit time-like vector field (the aether). It is a Lorentz-violating theory, and gained much attention in the recent years. In the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2014-04-16 Hao Wei , Xiao-Peng Yan , Ya-Nan Zhou

We propose a revised formulation of General Relativity for cosmological settings, in which the Einstein constant varies with the energy density of the Universe. We demonstrate that this modification has only phenomenological impact of…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2025-08-28 Giovanni Montani , Giulia Maniccia , Elisa Fazzari , Alessandro Melchiorri

In the first and second post-Newtonian approximation of the Schwarzschild metric, I obtain the energy component of the Einstein and M{\o}ller energy-momentum complex. Both energies involve the rest-mass energy $m$, the energy stored in the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2021-11-23 I-Ching Yang

The dynamics of particles moving in a medium defined by its relativistically invariant stochastic properties is investigated. For this aim, the force exerted on the particles by the medium is defined by a stationary random variable as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-11 Alejandro Cabo-Bizet , Alejandro Cabo Montes de Oca

For over a century the definitions of mass and derivations of its relation with energy continue to be elaborated, demonstrating that the concept of mass is still not satisfactorily understood. The aim of this study is to show that, starting…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-03-10 Stefano Re Fiorentin

A stochastic Euler equation is proposed, describing the motion of a particle density, forced by the random action of virtual photons in vacuum. After time averaging, the Euler equation is reduced to the Reynolds equation, well studied in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-09 Roumen Tsekov , Eyal Heifetz , Eliahu Cohen

The electric permittivities and magnetic permeabilities for a relativistic electron gas are calculated from quantum electrodynamics at finite temperature and density as functions of temperature, chemical potential, frequency, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-05-11 C. A. A. de Carvalho

The problem of derivation of the equations of motion from the field equations is considered. Einstein's field equations have a specific analytical form: They are linear in the second order derivatives and quadratic in the first order…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2011-04-21 Shmuel Kaniel , Yakov Itin

Elastodynamic equations have been formulated with either Newton's second law of motion, Lagrange's equation, or Hamilton's principle for over 150 years. In this work, contrary to classical continuum mechanics, a novel strategic methodology…

Classical Physics · Physics 2025-01-08 Yinqiu Zhou , Xiumei Zhang , Lin Liu , Tingting Liu , Xiuming Wang

Albert Einstein postulated the equivalence of energy and mass, developed the theory of special relativity, explained the photoelectric effect, and described Brownian motion in five papers, all published in 1905, 100 years ago. With these…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-10 Charles L. Bennett

The relativistic Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for the system of $N$ events with motion in space-time parametrized by an invariant ``historical time'' $\tau $ is considered without the simplifying approximation $m^2\cong M^2$, where $M$ is…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2009-10-22 L. Burakovsky , L. P. Horwitz

A new derivation is given of the known generalized position-momentum uncertainty relation, which takes into account gravity. The problem of two massive particles, the relative motion of which is described by the Schroedinger equation, is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-22 V. E. Kuzmichev , V. V. Kuzmichev

The time-dependent cosmological term arises from the energy-momentum tensor calculated in a state different from the ground state. We discuss the expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor on the rhs of Einstein equations in various…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-06-02 Zbigniew Haba

A general definition of energy is given, via the N\"other theorem, for the N-body problem in (1+1) dimensional gravity. Within a first-order Lagrangian framework, the density of energy of a solution relative to a background is identified…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 R. B. Mann , G. Potvin , M. Raiteri