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The more precise definition and the more fundamental understanding of the concepts of time, energy, entropy and information are building upon the new, relativistic foundation of gravity. This lecture is an attempt to explain the basic…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-11-17 Tomi Koivisto

The total energy E of a star as a function of its angular momentum J and mass M in the Newtonian theory: E = E(J, M) [in general relativity, the gravitational mass M of a star as a function of its angular momentum J and rest mass m, M =…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 N. Sibgatullin , R. Sunyaev

We develop a formulation of particle mechanics in which the functional relation between force and kinetic energy is derived directly from local conservation mechanical energy $E$, rather than postulated through Newton's second law or a…

Classical Physics · Physics 2026-02-10 Thomas Oikonomou

Recent work on the history of General Relativity by Renn, Sauer, Janssen et al. shows that Einstein found his field equations partly by a physical strategy including the Newtonian limit, the electromagnetic analogy, and energy conservation.…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2016-06-03 J. Brian Pitts

In this paper it is shown that the forces which resist the acceleration of the mass of the electron, $m_e$, arising from the Compton effect, the Klein-Nishima-Kann formula for its differential cross section and the transversal Doppler…

General Physics · Physics 2008-05-06 R. Alvargonzalez , L. S. Soto

The equations determining the energy density $\rho$ of a gas of photons in thermodynamic equilibrium with a spherical mass $M$ at a non-zero temperature $T_s>0$ is derived from Einstein's equations. It is found that for large $r$, $\rho…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2007-05-23 Achilles D. Speliotopoulos

In low-density or high-temperature plasmas, Compton scattering is the dominant process responsible for energy transport. Kompaneets in 1957 derived a non-linear degenerate parabolic equation for the photon energy distribution. In this paper…

Analysis of PDEs · Mathematics 2016-09-09 Joshua Ballew , Gautam Iyer , Robert L. Pego

Transformation equations for the kinetic energy of a tardyon are derived in the limits of classical and of special relativity theory. Two formulas are presented. In the first one the energy of the particle in one of the involved reference…

General Physics · Physics 2011-11-10 Bernhard Rothenstein , Doru Paunescu

The foundations of Statistical Mechanics can be recovered almost in their entirety from the Principle of Maximum Entropy. In this work we show that its non-equilibrium generalization, the Principle of Maximum Caliber (Jaynes, 1980), when…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2016-08-01 Diego González , Sergio Davis , Gonzalo Gutiérrez

Based on the concept of extended particles recently introduced we perform a Gedankenexperiment accelerating single electrons with photons of suitably low frequency. Accounting for relativistic time dilation due to the acquired velocity and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 W. A. Hofer

The energy of gravitating systems has been an issue since Einstein proposed general relativity: considered to be ill defined, having no proper local density. Energy-momentum is now regarded as \emph{quasi-local} (associated with a closed…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2018-11-15 Chiang-Mei Chen , Jian-Liang Liu , James M. Nester

We revisit Newton's equation of motion in one dimension when the moving particle has a variable mass m(x,t) depending both on position (x) and time (t). Geometrically the mass function is identified with one of the metric function in a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-08-15 S. Habib Mazharimousavi , M. Halilsoy

Within the framework of the post-Newtonian $2\frac12$ approximation theory, a kinetic theory for relativistic gases in the presence of gravitational fields is developed. The Boltzmann equation and the equilibrium Maxwell-J\"uttner…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-05-01 Gilberto M. Kremer

A covariant formula for conserved currents of energy, momentum and angular-momentum is derived from a general form of Noethers theorem applied directly to the Einstein-Hilbert action of classical general relativity. Energy conservation in a…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-02-03 Philip E. Gibbs

If a physical significance should be attributed to the cosmological large number relationship obtained from Sciama's formulation of Mach's Principle, then a number of interesting physical conclusions may be drawn. The Planck length is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2007-05-23 Scott Funkhouser

We use Moeller's energy-momentum complex in order to explicitly compute the energy and momentum density distributions for an exact solution of Einstein's field equations with a negative cosmological constant minimally coupled to a static…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2010-11-05 I. Radinschi , Th. Grammenos

It has recently been claimed that relativity's most famous equation, E = mc^2, has a cosmological basis, representing the gravitational binding energy for a particle to escape from the origin to a gravitational horizon of the universe. In…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-09-25 Geraint F. Lewis

The well known relation of Einstein relativistic energy for a free particle is extended to cover the total relativistic energy of a bound particle by calculating the relativistic potential energy. A non dissipative harmonic oscillator…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-07 J. Jahanpanah

The active mass density in Einstein's theory of gravitation in the analog of Poisson's equation in a local inertial system is proportional to $\rho+3p/c^2$. Here $\rho$ is the density of energy and $p$ its pressure for a perfect fluid. By…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-11-11 J. Ehlers , I. Ozsvath , E. L. Schucking , Y. Shang

An experimental formula, sometimes named as Newton-collision-formula, (v1-v2) = - e.(u1-u2) relating relative-velocities before & after impact of two bodies under linear-collision, is commonly used successfully for study of…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 R. C. Gupta , Ruchi Gupta , Sanjay Gupta