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Automated game balancing has often focused on single-agent scenarios. In this paper we present a tool for balancing multi-player games during game design. Our approach requires a designer to construct an intuitive graphical representation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-05 Daniel Hernandez , Charles Takashi Toyin Gbadamosi , James Goodman , James Alfred Walker

The human ability to learn rules and solve problems has been a central concern of cognitive science research since the field's earliest days. But we do not just follow rules and solve problems given to us by others: we modify those rules,…

The topic of Co-creation, i.e., AI agents interacting with humans to generate outputs (e.g., art), has gained significant attention recently. However, most studies focus on adult-human interactions in a digital setting. This paper explores…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Arturo Valdivia , Paolo Burelli

Using artificial intelligence (AI) to automatically test a game remains a critical challenge for the development of richer and more complex game worlds and for the advancement of AI at large. One of the most promising methods for achieving…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Matthew Barthet , Ahmed Khalifa , Antonios Liapis , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Games are often designed to shape player behavior in a desired way; however, it can be unclear how design decisions affect the space of behaviors in a game. Designers usually explore this space through human playtesting, which can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-08-06 Alexander Zook , Brent Harrison , Mark O. Riedl

The increasing complexity of gameplay mechanisms in modern video games is leading to the emergence of a wider range of ways to play games. The variety of possible play-styles needs to be anticipated by designers, through automated tests.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Pierre Le Pelletier de Woillemont , Rémi Labory , Vincent Corruble

Computational creativity is a subfield of AI focused on developing and studying creative systems. Few academic studies analysing the behaviour of creative agents from a theoretical viewpoint have been proposed. The proposed frameworks are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-04-15 Valerio Velardo , Mauro Vallati

The proliferation of generative AI has transformed creative workflows, yet current systems face critical challenges in controllability and content protection. We propose a novel multi-agent framework that addresses both limitations through…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Haris Khan , Sadia Asif

Generating a game is not the same as making one that can be played. Despite advances in code generation, existing approaches treat game generation as one-shot translation from prompt to artifact, leaving interaction-level failures…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yixu Huang , Bo Li , Na Li , Zhe Wang , Kaijie Chen , Haonan Ge , Qingyi Si , Yuanzhe Shen , Ruihan Yang , Guangjing Wang , Hongcheng Guo

As generative models become ubiquitous, there is a critical need for fine-grained control over the generation process. Yet, while controlled generation methods from prompting to fine-tuning proliferate, a fundamental question remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Emily Cheng , Carmen Amo Alonso , Federico Danieli , Arno Blaas , Luca Zappella , Pau Rodriguez , Xavier Suau

Machine learning for procedural content generation has recently become an active area of research. Levels vary in both form and function and are mostly unrelated to each other across games. This has made it difficult to assemble suitably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Machine learning has been applied to a number of creative, design-oriented tasks. However, it remains unclear how to best empower human users with these machine learning approaches, particularly those users without technical expertise. In…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Matthew Guzdial , Mark Riedl

As designers become familiar with Generative AI, a new concept is emerging: Agentic AI. While generative AI produces output in response to prompts, agentic AI systems promise to perform mundane tasks autonomously, potentially freeing…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Samangi Wadinambiarachchi , Jenny Waycott , Yvonne Rogers , Greg Wadley

Generative, ML-driven interactive systems have the potential to change how people interact with computers in creative processes - turning tools into co-creators. However, it is still unclear how we might achieve effective human-AI…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Frederic Gmeiner , Kenneth Holstein , Nikolas Martelaro

Automated game design is a rapidly growing area of research, yet many aspects of game design lie largely unexamined still, as most systems focus on two-dimensional games with clear objectives and goal-oriented gameplay. This paper describes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Michael Cook

It has recently been shown that reinforcement learning can be used to train generators capable of producing high-quality game levels, with quality defined in terms of some user-specified heuristic. To ensure that these generators' output is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Sam Earle , Maria Edwards , Ahmed Khalifa , Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

This paper introduces the Procedural Content Generation Benchmark for evaluating generative algorithms on different game content creation tasks. The benchmark comes with 12 game-related problems with multiple variants on each problem.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Ahmed Khalifa , Roberto Gallotta , Matthew Barthet , Antonios Liapis , Julian Togelius , Georgios N. Yannakakis

Text-to-level generation aims to translate natural language descriptions into structured game levels, enabling intuitive control over procedural content generation. While prior text-to-level generators are typically limited to a single game…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 In-Chang Baek , Jiyun Jung , Geum-Hwan Hwang , Sung-Hyun Kim , Kyung-Joong Kim

People are remarkably capable of generating their own goals, beginning with child's play and continuing into adulthood. Despite considerable empirical and computational work on goals and goal-oriented behavior, models are still far from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Guy Davidson , Graham Todd , Julian Togelius , Todd M. Gureckis , Brenden M. Lake

Motivated by the control theoretic distinction between controllable and uncontrollable events, we distinguish between two types of agents within a multi-agent system: controllable agents, which are directly controlled by the system's…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-11-17 R. I. Brafman , M. Tennenholtz