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In this chapter, we aim to explore an in-depth exploration of the specialized hardware accelerators designed to enhance Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications, focusing on their necessity, development, and impact on the field of AI. It…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-19 S M Mojahidul Ahsan , Anurag Dhungel , Mrittika Chowdhury , Md Sakib Hasan , Tamzidul Hoque

Analog optical computers promise large efficiency gains for machine learning inference, yet no demonstration has moved beyond small-scale image benchmarks. We benchmark the analog optical computer (AOC) digital twin on mortgage approval…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Sofia Berloff , Pavel Koptev , Konstantin Malkov

The attention mechanism is a key computing kernel of Transformers, calculating pairwise correlations across the entire input sequence. The computing complexity and frequent memory access in computing self-attention put a huge burden on the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Ashkan Moradifirouzabadi , Divya Sri Dodla , Mingu Kang

As the explosive growth of visual data increasingly strains the latency and energy limits of conventional electronic computing, optical analog computing has re-emerged as a disruptive paradigm for zero-power, speed-of-light information…

Optics · Physics 2026-04-21 Tingting Liu , Jumin Qiu , Xintong Shi , Qiegen Liu , Shuyuan Xiao

The fast Fourier transform, FFT, is a useful and prevalent algorithm in signal processing. It characterizes the spectral components of a signal, or is used in combination with other operations to perform more complex computations such as…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2017-11-08 Hani Nejadriahi , David HillerKuss , Jonathan K. George , Volker J. Sorger

As the bridge between the analog world and digital computers, analog-to-digital converters are generally used in modern information systems such as radar, surveillance, and communications. For the configuration of analog-to-digital…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2018-10-23 Shaofu Xu , Xiuting Zou , Bowen Ma , Jianping Chen , Lei Yu , Weiwen Zou

This paper introduces the first low-power hardware accelerator for Spiking Transformers, an emerging alternative to traditional artificial neural networks. By modifying the base Spikformer model to use IAND instead of residual addition, the…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Bo-Yu Chen , Tian-Sheuan Chang

The wide adoption and significant computing resource of attention-based transformers, e.g., Vision Transformers and large language models (LLM), have driven the demand for efficient hardware accelerators. There is a growing interest in…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Hanqing Zhu , Jiaqi Gu , Hanrui Wang , Zixuan Jiang , Zhekai Zhang , Rongxing Tang , Chenghao Feng , Song Han , Ray T. Chen , David Z. Pan

Analog neuromorphic photonic processors are uniquely positioned to harness the ultrafast bandwidth and inherent parallelism of light, enabling scalability, on-chip integration and significant improvement in computational performance.…

Numerical Simulation is an essential part of the design and optimisation of astronomical adaptive optics systems. Simulations of adaptive optics are computationally expensive and the problem scales rapidly with telescope aperture size, as…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 A. G. Basden , F. Assemat , T. Butterley , D. Geng , C. D. Saunter , R. W. Wilson

Machine-intelligence has become a driving factor in modern society. However, its demand outpaces the underlying electronic technology due to limitations given by fundamental physics such as capacitive charging of wires, but also by system…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-08-18 Mario Miscuglio , Zibo Hu , Shurui Li , Jonathan George , Roberto Capanna , Philippe M. Bardet , Puneet Gupta , Volker J. Sorger

Imaging and Image sensors is a field that is continuously evolving. There are new products coming into the market every day. Some of these have very severe Size, Weight and Power constraints whereas other devices have to handle very high…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2014-11-17 Nihar Athreyas , Zhiguo Lai , Jai Gupta , Dev Gupta

There has been considerable research into improving Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) performance through parallelization and optimization for specialized hardware. However, even with those advancements, processing of very large files, over 1TB…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-07-28 Rostislav Tsiomenko , Bradley S. Rees

In a high-speed coherent optical transmission system, typically the signals obtained at the receiver front-end are digitized using very high-speed ADCs and then processed in the digital domain to remove optical channel impairments. In this…

Analog to digital conversion is a very important part of almost all beam instrumentation systems. Ideally, in a properly designed system, the used analog to digital converter (ADC) should not limit the system performance. However, despite…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2020-05-14 Marek Gasior

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have fundamentally transformed the field of computer vision, providing unprecedented performance. However, these ANNs for image processing demand substantial computational resources, often hindering…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Minho Choi , Jinlin Xiang , Anna Wirth-Singh , Seung-Hwan Baek , Eli Shlizerman , Arka Majumdar

Foundation models, exemplified by GPT technology, are discovering new horizons in artificial intelligence by executing tasks beyond their designers' expectations. While the present generation provides fundamental advances in understanding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Maksim Makarenko , Qizhou Wang , Arturo Burguete-Lopez , Silvio Giancola , Bernard Ghanem , Luca Passone , Andrea Fratalocchi

In recent years, domain-specific hardware has brought significant performance improvements in deep learning (DL). Both industry and academia only focus on throughput when evaluating these AI accelerators, which usually are custom ASICs…

Performance · Computer Science 2019-11-11 Zihan Jiang , Jiansong Li , Jiangfeng Zhan

While analog neural network (NN) accelerators promise massive energy and time savings, an important challenge is to make them robust to static fabrication error. Present-day training methods for programmable photonic interferometer…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Sri Krishna Vadlamani , Dirk Englund , Ryan Hamerly

Optical computing chips have emerged as a transformative computing technology due to their high computational density, low energy consumption, and compact footprint. While real- and complex-valued computing chips have been well developed,…

Optics · Physics 2026-01-06 Songyue Liu , Qi Lu , Yuan Zhong , Yuru Li , Meng Xiang , Zhaohui Li , Chao Lu , Yikai Su , Lu Sun