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Related papers: An Unforgeable Publicly Verifiable Watermark for L…

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Watermarking is a commonly used strategy to protect creators' rights to digital images, videos and audio. Recently, watermarking methods have been extended to deep learning models -- in principle, the watermark should be preserved when an…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into academic workflows, with many conferences and journals permitting their use for tasks such as language refinement and literature summarization. However, their use in peer review…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Alexander Nemecek , Yuzhou Jiang , Erman Ayday

Large Language Models (LLMs) have experienced rapid advancements, with applications spanning a wide range of fields, including sentiment classification, review generation, and question answering. Due to their efficiency and versatility,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Yugeng Liu , Tianshuo Cong , Michael Backes , Zheng Li , Yang Zhang

Deep convolutional neural networks have made outstanding contributions in many fields such as computer vision in the past few years and many researchers published well-trained network for downloading. But recent studies have shown serious…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Xiquan Guan , Huamin Feng , Weiming Zhang , Hang Zhou , Jie Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Generative code models (GCMs) significantly enhance development efficiency through automated code generation and code summarization. However, building and training these models require computational resources and time, necessitating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Haoxuan Li , Jiale Zhang , Xiaobing Sun , Xiapu Luo

Simple fine-tuning can embed hidden text into large language models (LLMs), which is revealed only when triggered by a specific query. Applications include LLM fingerprinting, where a unique identifier is embedded to verify licensing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Jakub Hoscilowicz , Pawel Popiolek , Jan Rudkowski , Jedrzej Bieniasz , Artur Janicki

Watermarking plays a key role in the provenance and detection of AI-generated content. While existing methods prioritize robustness against real-world distortions (e.g., JPEG compression and noise addition), we reveal a fundamental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Zhongjie Ba , Yitao Zhang , Peng Cheng , Bin Gong , Xinyu Zhang , Qinglong Wang , Kui Ren

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating diverse and contextually rich text. However, concerns regarding copyright infringement arise as LLMs may inadvertently produce copyrighted material. In…

Machine learning (ML) models are applied in an increasing variety of domains. The availability of large amounts of data and computational resources encourages the development of ever more complex and valuable models. These models are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Franziska Boenisch

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into many technological ecosystems across various domains and industries, identifying which model is deployed or being interacted with is critical for the security and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Saeif Alhazbi , Ahmed Mohamed Hussain , Gabriele Oligeri , Panos Papadimitratos

This paper presents a survey and taxonomy of LLM fingerprinting and watermarking for identity, ownership verification, provenance, and generated-content attribution. Large language models (LLMs) require substantial investments in data,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Bing Liu , Shunping Wang , Yufan Zhu , Xinyi Yu , Jing Huang , Linkang Du , Hongbin Pei , Wei Luo

The rise of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT has significantly improved automated code generation, enhancing software development efficiency. However, this introduces challenges in academia, particularly in distinguishing between…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Zhenyu Xu , Victor S. Sheng

Text watermarks in large language models (LLMs) are an increasingly important tool for detecting synthetic text and distinguishing human-written content from LLM-generated text. While most existing studies focus on determining whether…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-06-30 Xiang Li , Garrett Wen , Weiqing He , Jiayuan Wu , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

In this paper, we study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs). We consider the trade-off between model distortion and detection ability and formulate it as a constrained optimization problem based on the red-green list…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhongze Cai , Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Huaiyang Zhong , Xiaocheng Li

The growing use of large language models (LLMs) for sensitive applications has highlighted the need for effective watermarking techniques to ensure the provenance and accountability of AI-generated text. However, most existing watermarking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yepeng Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Christopher Kruegel , Dawn Song , Yuheng Bu

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have revolutionized software development but raised critical concerns regarding code provenance, copyright protection, and security. Existing code watermarking approaches suffer from two fundamental…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Yuqing Nie , Chong Wang , Guosheng Xu , Guoai Xu , Chenyu Wang , Haoyu Wang , Kailong Wang

Backdoor watermarking has emerged as the predominant approach for protecting public datasets, enabling dataset ownership verification (DOV) through embedded triggers that induce predefined model behaviors. While existing works assume that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Zhiying Li , Zhi Liu , Dongjie Liu , Shengda Zhuo , Guanggang Geng , Zhaoxin Fan , Shanxiang Lyu , Xiaobo Jin , Jian Weng

As open-source large language models (LLMs) like Llama3 become more capable, it is crucial to develop watermarking techniques to detect their potential misuse. Existing watermarking methods either add watermarks during LLM inference, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Yijie Xu , Aiwei Liu , Xuming Hu , Lijie Wen , Hui Xiong

Ownership verification for neural networks is important for protecting these models from illegal copying, free-riding, re-distribution and other intellectual property misuse. We present a novel methodology for neural network ownership…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-27 Feisi Fu , Wenchao Li