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Related papers: An Unforgeable Publicly Verifiable Watermark for L…

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Multi-bit watermarking has emerged as a promising solution for embedding imperceptible binary messages into Large Language Model (LLM)-generated text, enabling reliable attribution and tracing of malicious usage of LLMs. Despite recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

The rapid advancement of LLMs (Large Language Models) has established them as a foundational technology for many AI and ML-powered human computer interactions. A critical challenge in this context is the attribution of LLM-generated text --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Jarosław Janas , Paweł Morawiecki , Josef Pieprzyk

This work investigates the theoretical boundaries of creating publicly-detectable schemes to enable the provenance of watermarked imagery. Metadata-based approaches like C2PA provide unforgeability and public-detectability. ML techniques…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jaiden Fairoze , Guillermo Ortiz-Jimenez , Mel Vecerik , Somesh Jha , Sven Gowal

As artificial intelligence surpasses human capabilities in text generation, the necessity to authenticate the origins of AI-generated content has become paramount. Unbiased watermarks offer a powerful solution by embedding statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Ruibo Chen , Yihan Wu , Junfeng Guo , Heng Huang

Watermarking has become a key technique for proprietary language models, enabling the distinction between AI-generated and human-written text. However, in many real-world scenarios, LLM-generated content may undergo post-generation edits,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Liyan Xie , Muhammad Siddeek , Mohamed Seif , Andrea J. Goldsmith , Mengdi Wang

We show the viability of tackling misuses of large language models beyond the identification of machine-generated text. While existing zero-bit watermark methods focus on detection only, some malicious misuses demand tracing the adversary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 KiYoon Yoo , Wonhyuk Ahn , Nojun Kwak

Large language model (LLM) unlearning is critical in real-world applications where it is necessary to efficiently remove the influence of private, copyrighted, or harmful data from some users. Existing utility-centric unlearning metrics…

Reasoning Large Language Models (RLLMs) excelling in complex tasks present unique challenges for digital watermarking, as existing methods often disrupt logical coherence or incur high computational costs. Token-based watermarking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Shuliang Liu , Xingyu Li , Hongyi Liu , Dong Fang , Yibo Yan , Bingchen Duan , Qi Zheng , Lingfeng Su , Xuming Hu

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking embeds detectable signals into generated text for copyright protection, misuse prevention, and content detection. While prior studies evaluate robustness using watermark removal attacks, these methods…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Zhaoxi Zhang , Xiaomei Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , He Zhang , Shirui Pan , Bo Liu , Asif Qumer Gill , Leo Yu Zhang

The growing deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) has raised concerns about their misuse in generating harmful or deceptive content. To address this issue, watermarking methods have been proposed to embed identifiable multi-bit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jiahao Xu , Rui Hu , Olivera Kotevska , Zikai Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing, demonstrating impressive capabilities across diverse tasks. However, deploying these models introduces critical risks related to intellectual property violations and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Kieu Dang , Phung Lai , NhatHai Phan , Yelong Shen , Ruoming Jin , Abdallah Khreishah , My T. Thai

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their training requires extensive data and computational resources, rendering them valuable digital assets. Therefore, it is essential to watermark LLMs to protect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Jun Jiang , Jie Zhang , Qiyi Yao , Kai Zeng , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

In this paper, we initiate the study of \emph{multi-designated detector watermarking (MDDW)} for large language models (LLMs). This technique allows model providers to generate watermarked outputs from LLMs with two key properties: (i) only…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Zhengan Huang , Gongxian Zeng , Xin Mu , Yu Wang , Yue Yu

Motivated by the problem of detecting AI-generated text, we consider the problem of watermarking the output of language models with provable guarantees. We aim for watermarks which satisfy: (a) undetectability, a cryptographic notion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra

Invisible watermarking of AI-generated images can help with copyright protection, enabling detection and identification of AI-generated media. In this work, we present a novel approach to watermark images of T2I Latent Diffusion Models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Naresh Kumar Devulapally , Mingzhen Huang , Vishal Asnani , Shruti Agarwal , Siwei Lyu , Vishnu Suresh Lokhande

Deep neural networks have recently achieved significant progress. Sharing trained models of these deep neural networks is very important in the rapid progress of researching or developing deep neural network systems. At the same time, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-07 Yusuke Uchida , Yuki Nagai , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

While watermarking serves as a critical mechanism for LLM provenance, existing secret-key schemes tightly couple detection with injection, requiring access to keys or provider-side scheme-specific detectors for verification. This dependency…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhuoshang Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Fang Fang , Xiaoxue Li , Li Guo

The strong general capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) bring potential ethical risks if they are unrestrictedly accessible to malicious users. Token-level watermarking inserts watermarks in the generated texts by altering the token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yuhang Li , Yihan Wang , Zhouxing Shi , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer faster generation than autoregressive models while maintaining comparable quality, but existing watermarking methods fail on them due to their non-sequential decoding. Unlike autoregressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Linyu Wu , Linhao Zhong , Wenjie Qu , Yuexin Li , Yue Liu , Shengfang Zhai , Chunhua Shen , Jiaheng Zhang