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Federated Learning (FL) enables privacy-preserving intelligence on Internet of Things (IoT) devices but incurs a significant carbon footprint due to the high energy cost of frequent uplink transmission. While pre-trained models are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Charuka Herath , Yogachandran Rahulamathavan , Varuna De Silva , Sangarapillai Lambotharan

We investigate resource allocation scheme to reduce the energy consumption of federated learning (FL) in the integrated fog-cloud computing enabled Internet-of-things (IoT) networks. In the envisioned system, IoT devices are connected with…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-07-09 Mohammed S. Al-Abiad , Md. Zoheb Hassan , Md. Jahangir Hossain

Over recent years, Federated Learning (FL) has proven to be one of the most promising methods of distributed learning which preserves data privacy. As the method evolved and was confronted to various real-world scenarios, new challenges…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-11-15 Michael Ben Ali , Omar El-Rifai , Imen Megdiche , André Peninou , Olivier Teste

Federated Learning (FL) has emerged as a transformative paradigm in the field of distributed machine learning, enabling multiple clients such as mobile devices, edge nodes, or organizations to collaboratively train a shared global model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Ratun Rahman

The proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) has increased interest in federated learning (FL) for privacy-preserving distributed data utilization. However, traditional two-tier FL architectures inadequately adapt to multi-tier IoT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Jiechao Gao , Yuangang Li , Yue Zhao , Brad Campbell

Federated learning (FL) is a distributed Machine Learning (ML) framework that is capable of training a new global model by aggregating clients' locally trained models without sharing users' original data. Federated learning as a service…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Wentao Gao , Omid Tavallaie , Shuaijun Chen , Albert Zomaya

The rapid proliferation of devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in a transformative era of data-driven connectivity across various domains. However, this exponential growth has raised pressing concerns about environmental…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Yuanhang Qi , M. Shamim Hossain

Federated Continual Learning (FCL) has emerged as a robust solution for collaborative model training in dynamic environments, where data samples are continuously generated and distributed across multiple devices. This survey provides a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Parisa Hamedi , Roozbeh Razavi-Far , Ehsan Hallaji

Federated split learning (FedSL) has emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling collaborative intelligence in industrial Internet of Things (IoT) systems, particularly in smart factories where data privacy, communication efficiency, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Wanli Ni , Hui Tian , Shuai Wang , Chengyang Li , Lei Sun , Zhaohui Yang

The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Industrial IoT (IIoT) has created a massive, heterogeneous attack surface that challenges traditional network security mechanisms. While Federated Learning (FL) offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Iason Ofeidis , Nikos Papadis , Randeep Bhatia , Leandros Tassiulas , TV Lakshman

Federated learning (FL) is fundamentally a distributed optimization problem executed by communicating agents with local data, local computation, and partial system visibility. Once FL is viewed through that lens, hierarchy is not merely a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Seyed Mohammad Azimi-Abarghouyi , Mehdi Bennis , Leandros Tassiulas

Federated Learning (FL) is a distributed learning paradigm where clients collaboratively train a model while keeping their own data private. With an increasing scale of clients and models, FL encounters two key challenges, client drift due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Jianhui Sun , Xidong Wu , Heng Huang , Aidong Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) allows collaborative training among multiple devices without data sharing, thus enabling privacy-sensitive applications on mobile or Internet of Things (IoT) devices, such as mobile health and asset tracking.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Phung Lai , Xiaopeng Jiang , Hai Phan , Cristian Borcea , Khang Tran , An Chen , Vijaya Datta Mayyuri , Ruoming Jin

Personalized federated learning (PFL) addresses a critical challenge of collaboratively training customized models for clients with heterogeneous and scarce local data. Conventional federated learning, which relies on a single consensus…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Ke Xing , Yanjie Dong , Xiaoyi Fan , Runhao Zeng , Victor C. M. Leung , M. Jamal Deen , Xiping Hu

Training with huge datasets and a large number of participating devices leads to bottlenecks in federated learning (FL). Furthermore, the challenges of heterogeneity between multiple FL clients affect the overall performance of the system.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Dev Gurung , Shiva Raj Pokhrel

The integration of IoT and AI has unlocked innovation across industries, but growing privacy concerns and data isolation hinder progress. Traditional centralized ML struggles to overcome these challenges, which has led to the rise of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Meriem Arbaoui , Mohamed-el-Amine Brahmia , Abdellatif Rahmoun , Mourad Zghal

In critical IoT environments, such as smart homes and industrial systems, effective Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are essential for ensuring security. However, developing robust IDS solutions remains a significant challenge. Traditional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Saida Elouardi , Mohammed Jouhari , Anas Motii

Federated meta-learning (FML) has emerged as a promising paradigm to cope with the data limitation and heterogeneity challenges in today's edge learning arena. However, its performance is often limited by slow convergence and corresponding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Sheng Yue , Ju Ren , Jiang Xin , Deyu Zhang , Yaoxue Zhang , Weihua Zhuang

Training large-scale artificial intelligence (AI) models demands significant computational power and energy, leading to increased carbon footprint with potential environmental repercussions. This paper delves into the challenges of training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Jieming Bian , Lei Wang , Shaolei Ren , Jie Xu

The explosive growth of smart devices (e.g., mobile phones, vehicles, drones) with sensing, communication, and computation capabilities gives rise to an unprecedented amount of data. The generated massive data together with the rapid…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yong Zhou , Yuanming Shi , Haibo Zhou , Jingjing Wang , Liqun Fu , Yang Yang
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