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This paper introduces JuDGE (Judgment Document Generation Evaluation), a novel benchmark for evaluating the performance of judgment document generation in the Chinese legal system. We define the task as generating a complete legal judgment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Weihang Su , Baoqing Yue , Qingyao Ai , Yiran Hu , Jiaqi Li , Changyue Wang , Kaiyuan Zhang , Yueyue Wu , Yiqun Liu

Automatically understanding the rhetorical roles of sentences in a legal case judgement is an important problem to solve, since it can help in several downstream tasks like summarization of legal judgments, legal search, and so on. The task…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-11-14 Paheli Bhattacharya , Shounak Paul , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Saptarshi Ghosh , Adam Wyner

This study examines the role of human judges in legal decision-making by using machine learning to predict child physical custody outcomes in French appellate courts. Building on the legal realism-formalism debate, we test whether…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Guillaume Zambrano

Summarizing Indian legal court judgments is a complex task not only due to the intricate language and unstructured nature of the legal texts, but also since a large section of the Indian population does not understand the complex English in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Debtanu Datta , Rajdeep Mukherjee , Adrijit Goswami , Saptarshi Ghosh

Legal systems worldwide continue to struggle with overwhelming caseloads, limited judicial resources, and growing complexities in legal proceedings. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers a promising solution, with Legal Judgment Prediction…

In a legal system, judgment consistency is regarded as one of the most important manifestations of fairness. However, due to the complexity of factual elements that impact sentencing in real-world scenarios, few works have been done on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Yuzhong Wang , Chaojun Xiao , Shirong Ma , Haoxi Zhong , Cunchao Tu , Tianyang Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Limited public understanding of legal processes and inconsistent verdicts in the Indonesian court system led to widespread dissatisfaction and increased stress on judges. This study addresses these issues by developing a deep learning-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Muhammad Amien Ibrahim , Alif Tri Handoyo , Maria Susan Anggreainy

LLM-as-a-Judge has emerged as a promising alternative to human evaluators across various tasks, yet inherent biases - particularly position bias, the tendency to favor solutions based on their position within the prompt - compromise its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Lin Shi , Chiyu Ma , Wenhua Liang , Xingjian Diao , Weicheng Ma , Soroush Vosoughi

In the Indian court system, pending cases have long been a problem. There are more than 4 crore cases outstanding. Manually summarising hundreds of documents is a time-consuming and tedious task for legal stakeholders. Many state-of-the-art…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Satyajit Ghosh , Mousumi Dutta , Tanaya Das

Legal documents are indispensable in every country for legal practices and serve as the primary source of information regarding previous cases and employed statutes. In today's world, with an increasing number of judicial cases, it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-31 Krish Didwania , Durga Toshniwal , Amit Agarwal

Legal Judgment Prediction (LJP) is a judicial assistance system that recommends the legal components such as applicable statues, prison term and penalty term by analyzing the given input case document. Indian legal system is in the need of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Prameela Madambakam , Shathanaa Rajmohan , Himangshu Sharma , Tummepalli Anka Chandrahas Purushotham Gupta

Legal research in India involves navigating long and heterogeneous documents spanning statutes, constitutional provisions, penal codes, and judicial precedents, where purely keyword-based or embedding-only retrieval systems often fail to…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Rakshita Goel , S Pranav Kumar , Anmol Agrawal , Divyan Poddar , Pratik Narang , Dhruv Kumar

India is emerging as a major knowledge producer of the world in terms of proportionate share of global research output and the overall research productivity rank. Many recent reports, both of commissioned studies from Government of India as…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2020-11-19 Prashasti Singh , Vivek Kumar Singh , Parveen Arora , Sujit Bhattacharya

Successful attempts to predict judges' votes shed light into how legal decisions are made and, ultimately, into the behavior and evolution of the judiciary. Here, we investigate to what extent it is possible to make predictions of a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2012-10-18 Roger Guimera , Marta Sales-Pardo

In this paper, we address the task of semantic segmentation of legal documents through rhetorical role classification, with a focus on Indian legal judgments. We introduce LegalSeg, the largest annotated dataset for this task, comprising…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Tanmay Dubey , Govind Sharma , Noel Shallum , Kripabandhu Ghosh , Arnab Bhattacharya

LLM-based judges have emerged as a scalable alternative to human evaluation and are increasingly used to assess, compare, and improve models. However, the reliability of LLM-based judges themselves is rarely scrutinized. As LLMs become more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Sijun Tan , Siyuan Zhuang , Kyle Montgomery , William Y. Tang , Alejandro Cuadron , Chenguang Wang , Raluca Ada Popa , Ion Stoica

Relevance judgment of human assessors is inherently subjective and dynamic when evaluation datasets are created for Information Retrieval (IR) systems. However, a small group of experts' relevance judgment results are usually taken as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Dengya Zhu , Shastri L Nimmagadda , Kok Wai Wong , Torsten Reiners

Artificial intelligence is being utilized in many domains as of late, and the legal system is no exception. However, as it stands now, the number of well-annotated datasets pertaining to legal documents from the Supreme Court of the United…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Mohammad Alali , Shaayan Syed , Mohammed Alsayed , Smit Patel , Hemanth Bodala

Women's access to academic careers has been historically limited by discrimination and cultural constraints. Comprehensive information about gender inequality within disciplines is needed to understand the problem and target remedial…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2018-12-11 Mike Thelwall , Carol Bailey , Meiko Makita , Pardeep Sud , Devika P. Madalli

Developing methods for extracting relevant legal information to aid legal practitioners is an active research area. In this regard, research efforts are being made by leveraging different kinds of information, such as meta-data, citations,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Bhoomeendra Singh Sisodiya , Narendra Babu Unnam , P. Krishna Reddy , Apala Das , K. V. K. Santhy , V. Balakista Reddy