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Indian Judiciary is suffering from burden of millions of cases that are lying pending in its courts at all the levels. The High Court National Judicial Data Grid (HC-NJDG) indexes all the cases pending in the high courts and publishes the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Kshitiz Verma , Anshu Musaddi , Ansh Mittal , Anshul Jain

The Indian judicial system faces a critical challenge with approximately 52 million pending cases, causing significant delays that impact socio-economic stability. This study proposes a cloud-based software framework to classify and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Shubham Varma , Ananya Warior , Avani Sakhapara , Dipti Pawade

We present IMLJD, an open dataset of 3,613 Indian court judgments covering matrimonial disputes under IPC Section 498A, the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, and CrPC Section 482. The dataset covers the Supreme Court of India…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Joy Bose

In this paper, we describe the Czech Court Decision Corpus (CzCDC). CzCDC is a dataset of 237,723 decisions published by the Czech apex (or top-tier) courts, namely the Supreme Court, the Supreme Administrative Court and the Constitutional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Tereza Novotná , Jakub Harašta

Many populous countries including India are burdened with a considerable backlog of legal cases. Development of automated systems that could process legal documents and augment legal practitioners can mitigate this. However, there is a…

An automated system that could assist a judge in predicting the outcome of a case would help expedite the judicial process. For such a system to be practically useful, predictions by the system should be explainable. To promote research in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Vijit Malik , Rishabh Sanjay , Shubham Kumar Nigam , Kripa Ghosh , Shouvik Kumar Guha , Arnab Bhattacharya , Ashutosh Modi

Automatic summarization of legal case judgments is a practically important problem that has attracted substantial research efforts in many countries. In the context of the Indian judiciary, there is an additional complexity -- Indian legal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Debtanu Datta , Shubham Soni , Rajdeep Mukherjee , Saptarshi Ghosh

Open data promotes transparency and accountability as everyone can analyse it. Law enforcement and the judiciary are increasingly making data available, to increase trust and confidence in the criminal justice system. Due to privacy…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-04-12 Pieter Hartel , Rolf van Wegberg , Mark van Staalduinen

Unlike the courts in western countries, public records of Indian judiciary are completely unstructured and noisy. No large scale publicly available annotated datasets of Indian legal documents exist till date. This limits the scope for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-26 Vedant Parikh , Vidit Mathur , Parth Mehta , Namita Mittal , Prasenjit Majumder

The count of pending cases has shown an exponential rise across nations (e.g., with more than 10 million pending cases in India alone). The main issue lies in the fact that the number of cases submitted to the law system is far greater than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Oscar Tuvey , Procheta Sen

Legal predictive models are of enormous interest and value to legal community. The stakeholders, specially, the judges and attorneys can take the best advantages of these models to predict the case outcomes to further augment their future…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-04-14 Sugam Sharma , Ritu Shandilya , Swadesh Sharma

Legal NLP remains underdeveloped in regions like India due to the scarcity of structured datasets. We introduce IndianBailJudgments-1200, a new benchmark dataset comprising 1200 Indian court judgments on bail decisions, annotated across 20+…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Sneha Deshmukh , Prathmesh Kamble

Pairwise comparisons from multiple judges are central to large language model evaluation and preference modeling, yet standard ranking pipelines often pool judgments into a single score vector, treating systematic judge disagreement as…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-08 Shibo Yu , Yingzhou Wang , Yan Chen , Guodong Li , Jin-Hong Du

Divorce is the legal dissolution of a marriage by a court. Since this is usually an unpleasant outcome of a marital union, each party may have reasons to call the decision to quit which is generally documented in detail in the court…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Sujan Dutta , Parth Srivastava , Vaishnavi Solunke , Swaprava Nath , Ashiqur R. KhudaBukhsh

Bail decisions are among the most frequently adjudicated matters in Indian courts, yet they remain plagued by subjectivity, delays, and inconsistencies. With over 75% of India's prison population comprising undertrial prisoners, many from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Puspesh Kumar Srivastava , Uddeshya Raj , Praveen Patel , Shubham Kumar Nigam , Noel Shallum , Arnab Bhattacharya

We investigate the impact of judges' gender on the outcome of domestic violence cases. Using data from S\~ao Paulo, Brazil, between 2011 and 2019, we find that a domestic violence case assigned to a female judge is 28% (9.7 p.p.) more…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-24 Helena Laneuville , Vitor Possebom

Legal judgment prediction (LJP) applies Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques to predict judgment results based on fact descriptions automatically. Recently, large-scale public datasets and advances in NLP research have led to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Junyun Cui , Xiaoyu Shen , Feiping Nie , Zheng Wang , Jinglong Wang , Yulong Chen

In the last decade, legal case search has become an important part of a legal practitioner's work. During legal case search, search engines retrieval a number of relevant cases from huge amounts of data and serve them to users. However, it…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Ruizhe Zhang , Qingyao Ai , Yiqun Liu , Yueyue Wu , Beining Wang

This extended abstract extends the research presented in "ILDC for CJPE: Indian Legal Documents Corpus for Court Judgment Prediction and Explanation" \cite{malik-etal-2021-ildc}, focusing on fact-based judgment prediction within the context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Shubham Kumar Nigam , Aniket Deroy

Judicial impartiality is a cornerstone of well-functioning legal systems. We assemble a dataset of 112,312 civil lawsuits in U.S. District Courts to study the effect of extraneous factors on judicial decision making. We show that cases are…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Robert Mahari , Sandro Claudio Lera
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