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We explore the approximation capabilities of Transformer networks for H\"older and Sobolev functions, and apply these results to address nonparametric regression estimation with dependent observations. First, we establish novel upper bounds…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-17 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Defeng Sun , Yang Wang , Bokai Yan

We investigate the approximation capabilities of dense neural networks. While universal approximation theorems establish that sufficiently large architectures can approximate arbitrary continuous functions if there are no restrictions on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Levi Rauchwerger , Stefanie Jegelka , Ron Levie

In this work, we develop a unified framework for quasidiagonal and F\o lner-type approximations of linear operators on Hilbert spaces. These approximations (originally formulated for bounded operators and operator algebras) involve…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-04 Eva A. Gallardo-Gutiérrez , Fernando Lledó , Laura Sáenz

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have emerged as a powerful methodology with significant practical successes in fields such as computer vision and natural language processing. Recent works have demonstrated that sparsely connected DNNs with…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-08 The Tien Mai

This paper investigates the approximation properties of shallow neural networks with activation functions that are powers of exponential functions. It focuses on the dependence of the approximation rate on the dimension and the smoothness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Jian Lu , Xiaohuang Huang

Given a bounded Lipschitz domain $\Omega\subset\mathbb R^n$, Rychkov showed that there is a linear extension operator $\mathcal E$ for $\Omega$ which is bounded in Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. In this paper we introduce some new…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2024-04-10 Ziming Shi , Liding Yao

There has been a growing interest in expressivity of deep neural networks. However, most of the existing work about this topic focuses only on the specific activation function such as ReLU or sigmoid. In this paper, we investigate the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-07-24 Ilsang Ohn , Yongdai Kim

Operator regression provides a powerful means of constructing discretization-invariant emulators for partial-differential equations (PDEs) describing physical systems. Neural operators specifically employ deep neural networks to approximate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Katiana Kontolati , Somdatta Goswami , George Em Karniadakis , Michael D. Shields

We investigate deep morphological neural networks (DMNNs). We demonstrate that despite their inherent non-linearity, "linear" activations are essential for DMNNs. To preserve their inherent sparsity, we propose architectures that constraint…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Konstantinos Fotopoulos , Petros Maragos

The deep operator networks (DeepONet), a class of neural operators that learn mappings between function spaces, have recently been developed as surrogate models for parametric partial differential equations (PDEs). In this work we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yuan Qiu , Nolan Bridges , Peng Chen

Deep residual networks (ResNets) have demonstrated outstanding success in computer vision tasks, attributed to their ability to maintain gradient flow through deep architectures. Simultaneously, controlling the Lipschitz bound in neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Marius F. R. Juston , William R. Norris , Dustin Nottage , Ahmet Soylemezoglu

We show that any smooth bi-Lipschitz $h$ can be represented exactly as a composition $h_m \circ ... \circ h_1$ of functions $h_1,...,h_m$ that are close to the identity in the sense that each $\left(h_i-\mathrm{Id}\right)$ is Lipschitz, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-17 Peter L. Bartlett , Steven N. Evans , Philip M. Long

Random projections are able to perform dimension reduction efficiently for datasets with nonlinear low-dimensional structures. One well-known example is that random matrices embed sparse vectors into a low-dimensional subspace nearly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-11 Jian-Feng Cai , Dong Li , Jiaze Sun , Ke Wang

Deep neural networks are notorious for being sensitive to small well-chosen perturbations, and estimating the regularity of such architectures is of utmost importance for safe and robust practical applications. In this paper, we investigate…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-10-28 Kevin Scaman , Aladin Virmaux

We build on our recent results on the Lipschitz dependence of the extreme spectral values of one-parameter families of pseudodifferential operators with symbols in a weighted Sj\"ostrand class. We prove that larger symbol classes lead to…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-07-26 Karlheinz Gröchenig , José Luis Romero , Michael Speckbacher

While deep learning is successful in a number of applications, it is not yet well understood theoretically. A satisfactory theoretical characterization of deep learning however, is beginning to emerge. It covers the following questions: 1)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Tomaso Poggio , Andrzej Banburski , Qianli Liao

Neural operators have emerged as a powerful tool for learning mappings between infinite-dimensional function spaces. However, their approximation properties in Sobolev norms remain poorly quantified, even though these norms control both…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Nicole Hao

This study explores the number of neurons required for a Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU) neural network to approximate multivariate monomials. We establish an exponential lower bound on the complexity of any shallow network approximating the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Itai Shapira

Neural oscillators, originating from second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs), have demonstrated strong performance in stably learning causal mappings between long-term sequences or continuous temporal functions, as well as in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Zifeng Huang , Konstantin M. Zuev , Yong Xia , Michael Beer

We analyze recurrent neural networks with diagonal hidden-to-hidden weight matrices, trained with gradient descent in the supervised learning setting, and prove that gradient descent can achieve optimality \emph{without} massive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-11 Semih Cayci , Atilla Eryilmaz