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Motivated by structures that appear in deep neural networks, we investigate nonlinear composite models alternating proximity and affine operators defined on different spaces. We first show that a wide range of activation operators used in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-03-19 Patrick L. Combettes , Jean-Christophe Pesquet

In this paper, we prove the rate of approximation for the Neural Network Sampling Operators activated by sigmoidal functions with mixed Lebesgue norm in terms of averaged modulus of smoothness for a bounded measurable functions on bounded…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-04-15 Arpan Kumar Dey , A. Sathish Kumar , P. Devaraj

We consider kernel operators defined by a dynamical system. The Hausdorff distance of spectra is estimated by the Hausdorff distance of subsystems. We prove that the spectrum map is $ \frac{1}{2} $-H\"older continuous provided the group…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-26 Siegfried Beckus , Alberto Takase

This paper investigates the approximation properties of deep neural networks with piecewise-polynomial activation functions. We derive the required depth, width, and sparsity of a deep neural network to approximate any H\"{o}lder smooth…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-12-06 Denis Belomestny , Alexey Naumov , Nikita Puchkin , Sergey Samsonov

Neural operator (NO) architectures learn nonlinear maps between infinite-dimensional function spaces and are widely used to accelerate simulation and enable data-driven model discovery. While universality results ensure expressivity, they…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-02 Takashi Furuya , Anastasis Kratsios

It is a highly desirable property for deep networks to be robust against small input changes. One popular way to achieve this property is by designing networks with a small Lipschitz constant. In this work, we propose a new technique for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Bernd Prach , Christoph H. Lampert

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are so complex that the existing learning theories do not provide a satisfactory explanation for why GANs have great success in practice. The same situation also remains largely open for deep neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Khoat Than , Nghia Vu

We establish the fundamental limits in the approximation of Lipschitz functions by deep ReLU neural networks with finite-precision weights. Specifically, three regimes, namely under-, over-, and proper quantization, in terms of minimax…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-06 Weigutian Ou , Philipp Schenkel , Helmut Bölcskei

We study finite-element and deep feedforward neural network (DNN for short) expressivity rate bounds for solution sets of a model linear, second order singularly perturbed, elliptic two-point boundary value problem, in Sobolev norms on a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-15 F. Rohner , Ch. Schwab , C. Xenophontos

The developments of deep neural networks (DNN) in recent years have ushered a brand new era of artificial intelligence. DNNs are proved to be excellent in solving very complex problems, e.g., visual recognition and text understanding, to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-27 Qiang Hu , Hao Zhang

In this article we identify a general class of high-dimensional continuous functions that can be approximated by deep neural networks (DNNs) with the rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation without the curse of dimensionality. In other…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-04-13 Adrian Riekert

This paper is concerned with the training of neural networks (NNs) under semidefinite constraints, which allows for NN training with robustness and stability guarantees. In particular, we focus on Lipschitz bounds for NNs. Exploiting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Patricia Pauli , Niklas Funcke , Dennis Gramlich , Mohamed Amine Msalmi , Frank Allgöwer

We consider operator learning for efficiently solving parametric non-self-adjoint eigenvalue problems. To overcome the spectral instability and mode switching associated with non-self-adjoint operators, we choose to learn the eigenspace…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-13 H. Li , J. Sun , Z. Zhang

In this paper, we establish a comprehensive characterization of the generalized Lipschitz classes through the study of the rate of convergence of a family of semi-discrete sampling operators, of Durrmeyer type, in $L^p$-setting. To achieve…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-11-14 Danilo Costarelli , Michele Piconi , Gianluca Vinti

In this work, we address the question whether a sufficiently deep quantum neural network can approximate a target function as accurate as possible. We start with simple but typical physical situations that the target functions are physical…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2021-09-01 Yadong Wu , Juan Yao , Pengfei Zhang , Hui Zhai

On the one hand, the framework of mixed norm spaces has potential applications in different areas of mathematics. On the other hand, neural network (NN) operators are well established as approximators, attracting significant attention in…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Priyanka Majethiya , Shivam Bajpeyi

In this paper, we construct neural networks with ReLU, sine and $2^x$ as activation functions. For general continuous $f$ defined on $[0,1]^d$ with continuity modulus $\omega_f(\cdot)$, we construct ReLU-sine-$2^x$ networks that enjoy an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Yuling Jiao , Yanming Lai , Xiliang Lu , Fengru Wang , Jerry Zhijian Yang , Yuanyuan Yang

This paper presents novel generalization bounds for vector-valued neural networks and deep kernel methods, focusing on multi-task learning through an operator-theoretic framework. Our key development lies in strategically combining a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Mahdi Mohammadigohari , Giuseppe Di Fatta , Giuseppe Nicosia , Panos M. Pardalos

Robustness of deep neural networks against adversarial perturbations is a pressing concern motivated by recent findings showing the pervasive nature of such vulnerabilities. One method of characterizing the robustness of a neural network…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-15 Hisham Husain , Borja Balle

Fourier neural operators (FNOs) have recently been proposed as an effective framework for learning operators that map between infinite-dimensional spaces. We prove that FNOs are universal, in the sense that they can approximate any…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-12-21 Nikola Kovachki , Samuel Lanthaler , Siddhartha Mishra