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Autonomous driving systems (ADSs) promise improved transportation efficiency and safety, yet ensuring their reliability in complex real-world environments remains a critical challenge. Effective testing is essential to validate ADS…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yihan Liao , Jingyu Zhang , Jacky Keung , Yan Xiao , Yurou Dai

Automated Driving Systems (ADS) have made great achievements in recent years thanks to the efforts from both academia and industry. A typical ADS is composed of multiple modules, including sensing, perception, planning, and control, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Shuncheng Tang , Zhenya Zhang , Yi Zhang , Jixiang Zhou , Yan Guo , Shuang Liu , Shengjian Guo , Yan-Fu Li , Lei Ma , Yinxing Xue , Yang Liu

Autonomous driving vehicles (ADVs) are implemented with rich software functions and equipped with many sensors, which in turn brings broad attack surface. Moreover, the execution environment of ADVs is often open and complex. Hence, ADVs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Kun Cheng , Yuebin Bai , Yuan Zhou , Chao Yu , Yang Liu

Sequential decision-making processes (SDPs) are fundamental for complex real-world challenges, such as autonomous driving, robotic control, and traffic management. While recent advances in Deep Learning (DL) have led to mature solutions for…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Junda He , Zhou Yang , Jieke Shi , Chengran Yang , Kisub Kim , Bowen Xu , Xin Zhou , David Lo

Developing safety and efficiency applications for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) require a great deal of testing and evaluation. The need for the operation of these systems in critical and dangerous situations makes the burden of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Ahura Jami , Mahdi Razzaghpour , Hussein Alnuweiri , Yaser P. Fallah

End-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) has rapidly emerged as a promising approach toward achieving full autonomy. However, existing E2E-AD systems typically adopt a traditional multi-task framework, addressing perception, prediction, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Tao Wang , Cong Zhang , Xingguang Qu , Kun Li , Weiwei Liu , Chang Huang

Testing autonomous driving systems (ADS) is critical to ensuring their reliability and safety. Existing ADS testing works focuses on designing scenarios to evaluate system-level behaviors, while fine-grained testing of ADS source code has…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Wenhan Wang , Xuan Xie , Yuheng Huang , Renzhi Wang , An Ran Chen , Lei Ma

Bird's-eye-view (BEV) representations play a crucial role in autonomous driving tasks. Despite recent advancements in BEV generation, inherent noise, stemming from sensor limitations and the learning process, remains largely unaddressed,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Xin Ye , Burhaneddin Yaman , Sheng Cheng , Feng Tao , Abhirup Mallik , Liu Ren

Background/Context. The use of automated driving systems (ADSs) in the real world requires rigorous testing to ensure safety. To increase trust, ADSs should be tested on a large set of diverse road scenarios. Literature suggests that if a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Stefan Klikovits , Vincenzo Riccio , Ezequiel Castellano , Ahmet Cetinkaya , Alessio Gambi , Paolo Arcaini

Scenario-based testing for automated driving systems (ADS) must be able to simulate traffic scenarios that rely on interactions with other vehicles. Although many languages for high-level scenario modelling have been proposed, they lack the…

Obstacle detection is crucial to the operation of autonomous driving systems, which rely on multiple sensors, such as cameras and LiDARs, combined with code logic and deep learning models to detect obstacles for time-sensitive decisions.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Tri Minh-Triet Pham , Diego Elias Costa , Weiyi Shang , Jinqiu Yang

The increasing inclusion of Deep Learning (DL) models in safety-critical systems such as autonomous vehicles have led to the development of multiple model-based DL testing techniques. One common denominator of these testing techniques is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-09 Houssem Ben Braiek , Foutse khomh

Cars can nowadays record several thousands of signals through the CAN bus technology and potentially provide real-time information on the car, the driver and the surrounding environment. This paper proposes a new method for the analysis and…

Existing Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) independently make driving decisions, but they face two significant limitations. First, in complex scenarios, ADS may misinterpret the environment and make inappropriate driving decisions. Second,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Ziwei Song , Mingsong Lv , Tianchi Ren , Chun Jason Xue , Jen-Ming Wu , Nan Guan

Detecting misbehavior (such as transmissions of false information) in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is very important problem with wide range of implications including safety related and congestion avoidance applications. We discuss…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Sushmita Ruj , Marcos Antonio Cavenaghi , Zhen Huang , Amiya Nayak , Ivan Stojmenovic

Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) use complex decision-making (DM) models with multimodal sensory inputs, making rigorous validation and verification (V&V) essential for safety and reliability. These models pose challenges in diagnosing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Halit Eris , Stefan Wagner

Simulation-based testing is a cornerstone of Autonomous Driving System (ADS) development, offering safe and scalable evaluation across diverse driving scenarios. However, discrepancies between simulated and real-world behavior, known as the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Stefano Carlo Lambertenghi , Mirena Flores Valdez , Andrea Stocco

Thorough testing of safety-critical autonomous systems, such as self-driving cars, autonomous robots, and drones, is essential for detecting potential failures before deployment. One crucial testing stage is model-in-the-loop testing, where…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Dmytro Humeniuk , Foutse Khomh , Giuliano Antoniol

Rigorous Verification and Validation (V&V) of Autonomous Driving Functions (ADFs) is paramount for ensuring the safety and public acceptance of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs). Current validation relies heavily on simulation to achieve sufficient…

The current approach for new Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) and Connected and Automated Driving (CAD) function development involves a significant amount of public road testing which is inefficient due to the number miles that need…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Xincheng Cao , Haochong Chen , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc