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With the remarkable development of large language models (LLMs), ensuring the factuality of output has become a challenge. However, having all the contents of the response with given knowledge or facts is not necessarily a good thing in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Ryohei Kamei , Daiki Shiono , Reina Akama , Jun Suzuki

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in text understanding and generation. However, they often lack factuality, producing a mixture of true and false information, especially in long-form generation. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Lifu Tu , Rui Meng , Shafiq Joty , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz

Following formatting instructions to generate well-structured content is a fundamental yet often unmet capability for large language models (LLMs). To study this capability, which we refer to as format faithfulness, we present FormatBench,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Jiashu Yao , Heyan Huang , Zeming Liu , Haoyu Wen , Wei Su , Boao Qian , Yuhang Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate factually inaccurate content even if they have corresponding knowledge, which critically undermines their reliability. Existing approaches attempt to mitigate this by incorporating uncertainty in QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiaoning Dong , Chengyan Wu , Yajie Wen , Yu Chen , Yun Xue , Jing Zhang , Wei Xu , Bolei Ma

The proliferation of misinformation necessitates scalable, automated fact-checking solutions. Yet, current benchmarks often overlook multilingual and topical diversity. This paper introduces a novel, dynamically extensible data set that…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Lorraine Saju , Arnim Bleier , Jana Lasser , Claudia Wagner

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly popularized in the multilingual world, ensuring hallucination-free factuality becomes markedly crucial. However, existing benchmarks for evaluating the reliability of Multimodal Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Yexing Du , Kaiyuan Liu , Youcheng Pan , Zheng Chu , Bo Yang , Xiaocheng Feng , Ming Liu , Yang Xiang

LLMs and AI chatbots have improved people's efficiency in various fields. However, the necessary knowledge for answering the question may be beyond the models' knowledge boundaries. To mitigate this issue, many researchers try to introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Yi Liu , Lianzhe Huang , Shicheng Li , Sishuo Chen , Hao Zhou , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun

Political misinformation poses significant challenges to democratic processes, shaping public opinion and trust in media. Manual fact-checking methods face issues of scalability and annotator bias, while machine learning models require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Veronica Chatrath , Marcelo Lotif , Shaina Raza

Large language models (LLMs) have been treated as knowledge bases due to their strong performance in knowledge probing tasks. LLMs are typically evaluated using accuracy, yet this metric does not capture the vulnerability of LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-17 Weixuan Wang , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch , Wei Peng

The rise of AI has fueled growing concerns about ``hype'' in machine learning papers, yet a reliable way to quantify rhetorical style independently of substantive content has remained elusive. Because bold language can stem from either…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Jingyi Qiu , Hong Chen , Zongyi Li

Numerous benchmarks have been established to assess the performance of foundation models on open-ended question answering, which serves as a comprehensive test of a model's ability to understand and generate language in a manner similar to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Yushi Bai , Jiahao Ying , Yixin Cao , Xin Lv , Yuze He , Xiaozhi Wang , Jifan Yu , Kaisheng Zeng , Yijia Xiao , Haozhe Lyu , Jiayin Zhang , Juanzi Li , Lei Hou

While neural language models can generate text with remarkable fluency and coherence, controlling for factual correctness in generation remains an open research question. This major discrepancy between the surface-level fluency and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Saadia Gabriel , Asli Celikyilmaz , Rahul Jha , Yejin Choi , Jianfeng Gao

We propose FACTER, a fairness-aware framework for LLM-based recommendation systems that integrates conformal prediction with dynamic prompt engineering. By introducing an adaptive semantic variance threshold and a violation-triggered…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Arya Fayyazi , Mehdi Kamal , Massoud Pedram

After the introduction of Large Language Models (LLMs), there have been substantial improvements in the performance of Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks, including Text Summarization and Machine Translation. However, LLMs still…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Alessandro Scirè , Andrei Stefan Bejgu , Simone Tedeschi , Karim Ghonim , Federico Martelli , Roberto Navigli

Large language models (LLMs) encode knowledge with varying degrees of confidence. When responding to queries, models face an inherent trade-off: they can generate responses that are less informative but highly factual, or more informative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Ziwei Gong , Yanda Chen , Julia Hirschberg , Chen Zhao , He He , Zhou Yu , Kathleen Mckeown

Reinforcement learning with evaluation metrics as rewards is widely used to enhance specific capabilities of language models. However, for tasks such as factually consistent summarisation, existing metrics remain underdeveloped, limiting…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Yuxuan Ye , Raul Santos-Rodriguez , Edwin Simpson

Counterfactual reasoning typically involves considering alternatives to actual events. While often applied to understand past events, a distinct form-forward counterfactual reasoning-focuses on anticipating plausible future developments.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Keane Ong , Rui Mao , Deeksha Varshney , Paul Pu Liang , Erik Cambria , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Existing methods for evaluating the factuality of large language model (LLM) responses treat all claims as equally important. This results in misleading evaluations when vital information is missing or incorrect as it receives the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Miriam Wanner , Leif Azzopardi , Paul Thomas , Soham Dan , Benjamin Van Durme , Nick Craswell

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used for long-form text generation. However, factual errors in the responses would undermine their reliability. Despite growing attention to LLM factuality, the effect of response length on factuality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-30 James Xu Zhao , Jimmy Z. J. Liu , Bryan Hooi , See-Kiong Ng

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) store structured factual knowledge by linking entities through relationships, crucial for many applications. These applications depend on the KG's factual accuracy, so verifying facts is essential, yet challenging.…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Farzad Shami , Stefano Marchesin , Gianmaria Silvello